Ottoman reform and organizational outputs and their impact on society in the Levant (18th-19th century).

Abstract

   The research talks about the reform and organizational outputs carried out by the Ottoman state during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries and examines the deep reasons that led to them, and the circumstances that made the state take such measures despite the different nature of governance from the patterns imported in those reform organizations. The research clarifies the difference between reform and organization, and the nature of the interaction between governance patterns and Arab society, including the attitudes of social and religious sects towards Ottoman administrative practices. While we review three sectarian and social currents, for example, not to mention, because they demonstrate the nose and pride of the Arab citizen in general in the East and west of dependence and humiliation. Their deteriorating situation was the result of the misapplication of provisions and regulations and was not due to unfair laws aimed at discriminating between persons. This research provides an in-depth analysis of the course of the Ottoman reforms, starting from their historical roots, passing through the mechanisms of implementation, and reaching the interactions of civil society. Focusing on the dialectical duality between  "reform" as a historical necessity and "regulation" as a practical tool for achieving sustainability.

 Did these attempts succeed?