صالح هيلين, ربيع عثمان, and وسام عياش. “The Union and Progress Society and Its Political Role in the Ottoman Empire 1889 - 1918 AD”. Latakia University Journal - Arts and Humanities Sciences Series 46, no. 5 (January 13, 2025): 563–578. Accessed July 30, 2025. https://journal.latakia-univ.edu.sy/index.php/humlitr/article/view/18389.