الصورة البدوية للمرأة في الشعر العباسي
Abstract
احتلت المرأة من الشعر صدوره وأعجُزَه , تغنى بها الشعراء وافتنوا في وصفها , حتى أخذت من الشعر جزءاً غير يسير. ولعل الريشة الراسمة لهذه الملامح التي شكَّلت وجه القصيدة – في أي عصر من العصور – هي ريشة أوجدها ذلك العصر, فرضتْ على القصيدة الألوان والخطوط لتخرجها مطابِقَةً لحالة المجتمع السائدة. فالمرأة في الشعر الجاهلي صورة جميلة يزين بها الشعراء مطالع قصائدهم وعلاقتهم بها تتخذ طابع التكريم والتقدير مرة، والتبذل والمجون أخرى، فهي ليست المرأة في الشعر الأموي أو العباسي, فلا المكانة التي تتبوؤها هي نفسها , ولا حالتها في مجتمعها هي ذاتها .. وإن كانت تفرض حضورها على الشعر , فإنها تفرضه بالشكل الذي يختاره لها عصرها ويختاره الشاعر نفسه لها. وبالنظر إلى وضع المرأة في عصر بني العباس , وأي أثر كانت تتركه, وأي فساد كانت غارقة في وحله, تتباين آراء الشعراء حولها, فلم تعد المرأة تقتصر على تلك الممدوحة الجميلة والتي تشبه القمر في الضياء والشمس في الإشراق, بل تعدَّته كل التعدي. فلن نعجب كثيرا إن خَلَتْ قصيدة من القصائد من ذكرها الذِّكر الحسن الذي يُجِلُّها ويرفعها مكانة سامية, ولن نعجب أبداً إن صار ذكرها مرافقاً للَّهو والشرب والانحلال الأخلاقي , لتصبح المرأة – في الغالب - هي الغواية والفساد متشكِّلة في قينة فاسقةٍ أو جاريةٍ لعوب , أو راهبةٍ من راهبات الأديرة.
Women occupied the foreground and background of poems. Poets wrote poems about her, describing her in detail. The technique used to depict these features that gave the poem its form is one that had been brought to existence by that era. This technique imposed on the poem the outlines so that it came out typically representative of the prevailing social status quo. The woman, in Jahili poetry, is a beautiful image by which poets decorate the beginnings of their poems. Their relationship with the woman is on one occasion defined by exalting and respect, and on the other defined by deprecation and lust. The woman in Jahili poetry is different from the woman in Umayyad or Abbasid poetry, in terms of both status and social predisposition. Although the figure of the woman dominates poetry, it dominates it in the way the era and the poet choose. As to the status and the degeneration of the woman in the Abbasid Era, the poets' points of view vary. She is no more the appraised beauty that looks like the moon's light and the sunrise. It would be of no surprise to see poems neglecting the woman, or others referring to her along with entertainment, wine and moral degeneration. The woman becomes a symbol of seduction and corruption, represented by a cunning courtesan, or a nun.
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