Latakia University Journal - Economic and Legal Sciences Series
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Role Of Organizational Flexibility In Achieving Entreprenurial Orientation The Field Study At Tishreen University
The research aims to shed light on the concept of organizational flexibility and the concept of entrepreneurial orientation and to demonstrate the role of organizational flexibility in achieving entrepreneurial orientation at Tishreen University. The researcher relied on the descriptive and analytical approach. In the theoretical section, the researcher touched on the concept of organizational flexibility and its importance, and the concept of entrepreneurial orientation and its dimensions. In the practical section, a questionnaire consisting of (25) statements was designed, and (SPSS) software was used to analyze the data and test the hypotheses. The study reached several results, the most important of which are: There is a significant relationship between organizational flexibility and entrepreneurial orientation in the subject of the study.
organizational flexibility - entrepreneurial orientation - creativity - proactiveness - risk tolerance
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Investigating the impact of the K-means clustering algorithm on SVM model performance in the task of predicting the exchange rate of the Syrian pound
This research investigates the impact of the K-means clustering algorithm on the performance of a Support Vector Machine (SVM) model in predicting the exchange rate of the Syrian Pound against the US dollar. This study holds significant relevance given the substantial fluctuations observed in the Syrian Pound's exchange rate and its direct impact on the Syrian economy. The study utilizes daily time-series data for the exchange rate, spanning from the beginning of 2015 to mid-February 2024, comprising 3333 observations. SPSS26, RStudio, and Orange Data Mining were employed for data analysis and algorithm implementation. The K-means algorithm was initially applied to cluster the data. Results indicated the algorithm's success in classifying the data into two statistically distinct clusters, suggesting underlying patterns within the exchange rate data. Subsequently, the SVM algorithm was applied to predict the exchange rate, first without utilizing K-means as a preprocessing step and then with its inclusion. The findings demonstrated a notable improvement in the SVM model's performance when K-means was employed as a preprocessing step. Specifically, the Mean Squared Error (MSE) decreased by 47.23%, the Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE) decreased by 27.28%, and the Mean Absolute Error (MAE) decreased by 18.21%. Conversely, the Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) increased by 31.81%. However, a substantial increase in the coefficient of determination (R²) by 52.32% indicates a significant improvement in the model's ability to explain the variance in the data. Based on these results, the study recommends incorporating K-means as a preprocessing step to enhance SVM performance in exchange rate prediction. Furthermore, it recommends future research encompassing longer time periods and employing advanced analytical techniques such as deep learning.
Keywords: Data mining, k-means algorithm, SVM algorithm, prediction.
The Role of Intellectual Capital in Organizational Innovation (A Field study on Industrial Organizations in Latakia Governorate)
The aim of this research is to determine the role of intellectual capital in organizational innovation in industrial organizations in Latakia Governorate by determining the relationship between the dimensions of intellectual capital (human capital, structural capital, relational capital) and organizational innovation in a sample of industrial organizations in Latakia Governoratee. The researcher relied on the deductive approach as a general method of thinking and the descriptive analytical method as a general approach to research. The researcher designed a questionnaire as a tool for collecting primary data. The questionnaire was distributed to a sample consisting of (115) workers in the organizations sampled for the study. (109) questionnaires were retrieved and there were (103) questionnaires valid for statistical analysis. The statistical analysis program (SPSS25) was relied upon for data analysis. the research reached a set of results, the most important of which were: There is a significant relationship between intellectual capital and organizational innovation for workers in industrial organizations in Latakia Governorate. The industrial organizations in the study sample possess intellectual capital to a moderate degree, and the level of organizational innovation is a moderate in the organizations in in Latakia Governorate.
رأس المال الفكري، رأس المال البشري، رأس المال الهيكلي، رأس المال العلائقي، الابتكار التنظيمي
The Impact Of Asset And Liability Management On The Profitability Of Private Banks (An Applied Study On Private Traditional Banks Operating In Syria)
The research aims to clarify the concept of asset and liability management and its reality in traditional private banks, and to show the impact of asset and liability management indicators in traditional banks on the profitability of traditional private banks operating in Syria. The descriptive analytical approach was adopted, and the financial reports disclosed in the Damascus Stock Exchange and published on its website (financial ratios and statistics) were relied upon, and the annual data from 2010 to 2023 were adopted. Among the most important results reached by the research: There is no significant effect of the ownership ratio and the liquidity ratio in the rate of return on assets in the rate of return on assets in the profitability of private traditional banks operating in Syria, and there is a negative significant effect for each of the ratio of net facilities to total deposits (employment rate) and the debt rate and the ratio of shareholders' equity to total deposits in the rate of return on assets in the profitability of private traditional banks operating in Syria, while there is a positive significant effect for the ratio of net facilities to total assets in the rate of return on assets in the profitability of private traditional banks operating in Syria.
Asset and liability management, bank profitability, private traditional banks
The Impact of Opening-Up and Economic Reforms on Tourism Growth in China: A Study for the Period 1949-2023
Tourism is one of the most prominent sectors that has experienced significant development since the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, influenced by profound political, economic, and social transformations. This study aims to explore the historical development of tourism in China, highlighting its transition from a political tool for enhancing the country's status to a key economic pillar. The research adopts a descriptive-analytical and historical methodologies, utilizing secondary sources to analyse the main factors contributing to the sector's development, including government policies, economic reforms, and global events, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The findings show that the reform and opening-up policy implemented by the Chinese government in 1978 was a pivotal turning point, leading to improvements in infrastructure, attracting foreign investments, and enhancing international marketing efforts. The results also emphasize the economic role of tourism in supporting national development by increasing foreign currency revenues. Furthermore, the study illustrates the importance of domestic tourism as a stabilizing factor for the sector during crises, clearly demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research concludes that China’s experience in developing tourism provides a practical model that can benefit developing countries, including Arab nations, by focusing on economic reforms, improving infrastructure, and managing tourism crises with flexibility.
Tourism Development, People's Republic of China, Economic Reform, Tourism crises
The Impact Of Social Responsibility In Attracting Customers in Islamic Banks
Business organizations are currently witnessing intense competition in attracting customers and gaining their loyalty. To achieve this, many leading banks are working to adopt the philosophy of social responsibility until this is achieved because attracting customers is an important factor to face competition as a result of modern customer-focused trends. This study aimed to identify the extent to which social responsibility in its dimensions (ethical responsibility, charitable responsibility, and responsibility towards the environment) affects attracting customers in its dimensions, and also aimed to study the relationship between them. This study targeted a sample of 55 customers of the cham Islamic bank. 49 questionnaires were retrieved. The study used the analytical descriptive approach, and the questionnaire was the main data collection tool to test hypotheses and answer the study's questions. The subjects were tested using the statistical analysis program SPSS.21 with a response rate of (89.09%). The study found that there is a partial positive impact of social responsibility on attracting customers. The study also showed a positive relationship between social responsibility and attracting customers. The study recommended the need to adopt the philosophy of social responsibility within its marketing plans, focusing on the dimensions of ethical and legal responsibility. These programs are scientific work programs so that companies can evaluate them and measure their return. It also recommends the need to work to build a community and institutional culture to enhance knowledge of social responsibility and increase The phrase: social responsibility, attracting custom.
Islamic banks- social responsibility- attracting customers
The Asymmetric Effects of Inflation and Unemployment on Economic Growth in Syria Using the NARDL Approach
This research aims to analyze the asymmetric effects of unemployment (UEM) and inflation (INF) on economic growth (EG) in Syria during the period 1990-2022 using the Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. Annual data was utilized, and the model was designed to examine the impact of positive and negative shocks of the independent variables on economic growth while analyzing both long- and short-term relationships. The methodology included selecting the best-fitting model using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC), estimating the long-term equation by incorporating the effects of positive and negative shocks of both unemployment and inflation, and conducting a bounds test to verify the presence of cointegration among the variables. Shock analysis was also employed to investigate the evolution of variable impacts over time.The results of the long-term equation revealed that negative shocks in unemployment (declining unemployment) significantly enhance economic growth, with a coefficient of -2.205 at a high level of significance (0.0005). In contrast, positive shocks (rising unemployment) exert a stronger negative impact, with a coefficient of -3.283. Regarding inflation, positive shocks demonstrated a weak positive effect on economic growth, with a coefficient of 0.066 at a significance level of 0.0431, while negative shocks had a more pronounced negative impact, with a coefficient of -0.185 at a significance level of 0.0045. The study recommends implementing economic policies aimed at sustainably reducing unemployment rates and enhancing price stability to mitigate the adverse effects of inflation. Additionally, it emphasizes improving the mechanisms by which the economy responds to unexpected economic shocks.
conomic growth, unemployment, inflation, NARDL model, economic shocks.
Analytical study of the relationship between investment and trading volume in the Damascus Securities Exchange
The aim of the research was to study the relationship between public and private investment and the trading volume of companies listed on the Damascus Stock Exchange, with the presence of controlling variables such as the inflation rate and the exchange rate, during the period from 1/1/2010 to 12/1/2021. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was used. A descriptive analysis of the data was conducted using descriptive statistics to understand the distribution of the data and identify the presence of extreme values. The stationarity of the variables was then tested using unit root tests (Phillips-Perron) to ensure the validity of the ARDL model. The ARDL model was then estimated and the long- and short-term relationships between investment, inflation rate, exchange rate, and trading volume were evaluated. The research results showed a statistically significant relationship between investment and trading volume in the Damascus Stock Exchange, but this relationship is complex and multifaceted. The negative impact of private investment may be due to the increase in mergers and acquisitions as a result of the growth of private investment, which reduces the number of listed companies and thus the trading volume. Also, companies may resort to loans instead of increasing capital by offering new shares. The weak positive impact of public investment: is explained by the government's role in improving the infrastructure and creating a more attractive investment environment, which is positively reflected in trading activity in the market. However, the weakness of this impact indicates the existence of other factors that have a greater influence on investors' decisions and limit the effectiveness of public investment in stimulating trading.
Financial performance, Kida model, Palestine Stock Exchange, Amman Stock Exchange, EPS
Agricultural food industries Reality and development prospects by benefiting from the Malaysian experience
The experience of Southeast Asian countries has attracted global attention, as these nations transitioned from being among the poorest in the world to being classified as industrial countries. Despite the crisis they faced since mid-1996, these countries achieved high growth rates, managed to attract investments, and increased their exports, creating job opportunities and boosting their GDP. Among these countries is Malaysia, which focused on education, openness to the global market, and the use of advanced technology. While it adopted a policy of import substitution and provided necessary protection for its national industries, the success of these industries was contingent upon meeting certain economic standards. Given the importance of industry and its role in economic growth, this research examines the reality of agro-food industries, the challenges they face, and potential solutions for their development to enhance their contribution to the GDP. Additionally, the study explores Malaysia’s reliance on industrial development as a cornerstone of its economic progress and investigates the feasibility of utilizing this experience to advance agro-food industries and achieve food security. This research addresses the agro-food industries in Syria, shedding light on the current situation, challenges, and future opportunities. It emphasizes the significance of this sector in achieving food security and fostering economic development while analyzing the difficulties associated with weak infrastructure, low product quality, and limited competitiveness. Furthermore, it reviews Malaysia’s successful experience in industrialization and export, highlighting its pioneering strategies such as attracting foreign investments, improving infrastructure, and promoting industries with comparative advantages. Employing a descriptive-analytical methodology, the study aims to offer practical solutions to stimulate Syria’s agro-food industries, proposing plans to enhance production efficiency, utilize local resources, and diversify exports to achieve sustainable competitiveness.
الصناعة الزراعية الغذائية-التجارب الدولية-الصادرات-الاستثمار-الأمن الغذائي
Evaluating the Accounting Graduates According to the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS).
This study aimed to evaluate the extent to which accounting graduates meet the requirements of the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS) and the requirements of the labor market, from the perspective of employers in Lattakia Governorate. To achieve the study objective, a questionnaire was used as a tool to collect primary data, and divided into three sections, the first to know the demographic information of the respondents, the second to know the extent to which accounting education outcomes meet the requirements of the National Academic Reference Standards, and the third section to know the extent to which accounting graduates meet the requirements of the labor market. The questionnaire was distributed to the study community consisting of companies, establishments, and private banks operating in Lattakia Governorate. Responses were obtained from 54 companies, and then the data was analyzed using SPSS-24. The study reached the following results: Accounting graduates meet the skills of knowledge, understanding, and mental standards contained in the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS), Accounting graduates do not meet the professional, practical, generic and transferable skills set out in the National Academic Reference Standards (NARS), Accounting graduates do not meet the requirements of the labor market from the perspective of employers.
gap between education and the labor market
The Impact Of Regulatory Genes On Crisis Management (A Field Study In Public Companies For Engineering Industries In Damascus And Its Countryside)
The study aimed to identify the impact of regulatory genes on crisis management in public companies for engineering industries in Damascus and its countryside. The descriptive analytical approach and review of relevant literature were used. The data were analyzed using SPSS 20. The results showed a lack of knowledge among managers about the concept of regulatory genes, which negatively affects their ability to realize their importance during crises. The study also found a significant impact of regulatory genes (such as decision-making rights, organizational structure, information, and incentives) on the effectiveness of crisis management. Based on these results, the study recommended organizing workshops and training courses to raise managers' awareness of the importance of regulatory genes. It is also recommended to develop comprehensive crisis management strategies that include monitoring crisis indicators and predicting risks, and forming specialized teams capable of dealing with crises. Documenting lessons learned and improving performance by benefiting from the experiences of other companies is essential.
International Justice Court Between Acceptance Of Its Jurisdiction And The Binding Of Its Decisions
The International Court of Justice, in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations, constitutes the primary judicial arm of the United Nations, and upon undertaking its judicial and advisory function, it is responsible for contributing with the rest of the branches of the United Nations to achieving the purposes of this organization in establishing international peace and security. For this purpose, the Court is competent to decide international disputes between states according to two methods: Either optionally, when the parties to the conflict explicitly agree on its jurisdiction, or compulsory, if the parties previously agreed on its jurisdiction in accordance with international agreements or individual statements. The decisions of the International Court of Justice has binding force and has the authority of the matter adjudicated. It is obligatory to implement it by the parties to the conflict, and in the event of refraining from doing so, the Security Council can be resorted to for implementation according to certain mechanisms. As for the advisory opinion, it does not have any mandatory value and does not have the force of a res judicata, but it has great moral and legal value.
International Court of Justice, Jurisdiction, Binding force of decisions.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
International Legal Protection for the Climate: A Critical Analysis of the Kyoto and Paris Agreements and Implementation Mechanisms
The world is witnessing increasing impacts of climate change caused by industrial activities and greenhouse gas emissions, threatening ecological balance and negatively affecting human and other life forms. This research explores the international legal framework for climate protection, providing an in-depth analysis of key international agreements such as the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2015 Paris Agreement. The study focuses on evaluating the legal provisions of these agreements and their efficiency in compelling countries, especially major industrial nations, to reduce emissions and adhere to sustainable development. The significance of this research lies in identifying the shortcomings of agreed international enforcement mechanisms and the weak integration between national and international legislation, which hinders the achievement of climate objectives. The study also examines the role of international organizations, such as the UN Security Council, in addressing climate change as a threat to global peace and security, and the role of international courts in promoting state accountability for climate pollution. The findings highlight that while international agreements provide a robust legal framework, they lack clear and effective binding mechanisms. The study recommends the establishment of a specialized international agency to monitor climate commitments and enhance international cooperation. It also advocates for amending withdrawal clauses in agreements to ensure continuity of obligations. This research makes a significant contribution to understanding the legal challenges of climate protection and emphasizes the need for a more comprehensive and binding legal approach to achieve long-term environmental sustainability.
Electronic Management and its Role in Improving the Performance of Employees (A Field Study at Tishreen University _ Accommodation of University)
The study aimed to determine the role of Electronic Management In improving the performance of employees at Tishreen University _ university accommodation; by determining the relationship between E- management dimensions that represented by (hardware, software, communication networks, databases) and the performance of employees in the institution under study, The study relied on the descriptive analytical approach as a general research approach. The researcher distributed questionnaires to (104) employees in the University City _ Tishreen University, (84) questionnaires were recovered, excluded /7/ questionnaires, and (77) were valid for analysis, then the data were analyzed by using the statistical analysis program (SPSS). the researcher reached: The interest of the senior management in the city of Student's Residence under study to an acceptable extent to electronic management that used in administrative work and to improve the level of performance of its employees. The study concluded that there is a direct and significant correlation between e-management and the performance of employees; and E-management also contributes significantly to facilitating the process of communication between different departments, and in the process of control and follow-up and the speed of completion of work, in addition to the significant impact of E-management on the performance of employees at Tishreen University-University City. The most important recommendations of the research were; increase the interest of the institution under study in E- management and its various elements, and the establishment of specialized training courses in the use of technology for employees, in addition to work by the institution under study to provide all the necessary material, financial, human and technical capabilities; to support the use of this modern management in all administrative work, and the services provided by educational institutions in the field of administrative work.
Electronic Management (Hardware & Equipment, Software, Communication Networks, Data Bases), Performance of employees
The Impact of Innovative Work Environment Quality on the Performance of Small Enterprises (A Field Study in Latakia Governorate)
The research aims mainly to shed light on the concept of innovative work environment quality, and the concept of small projects performance and its dimensions represented in (profitability, market share, growth in the number of employees), and to show the impact of innovative work environment quality on the performance of small and medium enterprises. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach. In the theoretical framework, the researcher addressed the concept of the work environment and its components, and also addressed the concept of innovative work environment, and the criteria for measuring the quality of the innovative work environment. The researcher also addressed the concept of performance, the concept of small projects and their importance. In the practical framework, the researcher relied on the questionnaire as a tool for collecting data, and the (SPSS) program was relied upon to analyze the data, test the hypotheses and reach the research results. The research reached several results, the most important of which is the presence of a moderate moral impact of innovative work environment quality on the performance of small projects in the study area.
Quality of innovative work environment- Profitability- Market share- Growth of number of employees- Performance of small projects
Tourism Competitiveness And Sector Development In Arab Countries A Study For The Period 2011-2023
This research aims to assess the competitiveness of the tourism sector in Arab countries and identify the factors influencing this competitiveness. The Travel and Tourism Development Index (TTDI) was used as the primary tool to analyse the performance of Arab countries in this field. The research findings revealed significant variation in the level of competitiveness among Arab countries, with some nations, such as the Gulf states, achieving outstanding performance supported by substantial investments in tourism infrastructure and product diversification. On the other hand, other countries faced significant challenges, including political and economic instability and a lack of accurate data. This study seeks to provide an explanation of tourism sector competitiveness in Arab countries and to identify the main factors affecting this competition. It also offers recommendations to enhance tourism competitiveness in the region, such as diversifying tourism products, investing in technology, promoting environmental sustainability, and encouraging regional cooperation.
تنافسية السياحة، السياحة الوافدة، مؤشر تنمية السفر والسياحة، الدول العربية
The Importance of Investing in the Human Capital A reviewing of The Malaysian Experience and The possibility of Being Benefit
Since the beginning of the new millennium, it has become more and more apparent that education and human capital constitute a key element in enhancing economic growth and creating economic development., and a means of transitioning into a knowledge economy that based on creativity and innovation. This makes so necessity, to understand the concepts of human capital investment, and the importance of the success of educational policies, especially the developing and utilizing human capital skills and knowledge extends beyond the current workforce to the potential workforce as well. Accordingly, the research aims to exploring the development of human capital investment concept, and all related theoretical issues, as one of economic life factors, and reviewing the Malaysian experience, which is considered a pioneering and unique experience in this context, in addition. Importance of the Research: The importance of the research is linked to the role of investment in human capital as one of the most crucial factors for achieving desired economic growth rates. It serves as a fundamental pillar in establishing the sought-after economic development and a means of transition from an economy based on traditional production processes to a knowledge economy driven by skills, creativity, and innovation, keeping pace with the rapid technological advancements witnessed globally. Results: The emergence and development of the concept of human capital are associated with the evolution of economic studies that have focused on economic growth and the factors influencing it. In this regard, Theodore Schultz clarified that although it is known that individuals acquire useful skills and knowledge, it was not recognized that these skills and knowledge represent a form of capital, and that this form of capital is, to a significant extent, essential.
Human capital, Education, Solow model, Malaysian experience
The Impact of Digital Transformation of Public Services on Economic Growth A Comparative Study
This study aims to assess the impact of digital transformation, specifically e-government development, on economic growth in three countries: Estonia, India, and Rwanda. Using data on the E-Government Development Index and Gross Domestic Product for these countries, a statistical analysis was conducted to determine the relationship between the two variables. The results showed a significant positive correlation between the E-Government Development Index and GDP in both Estonia and Rwanda, while no such relationship was found in India. These differences were explained based on several factors, including digital infrastructure, population size and geographic diversity, political will, digital literacy and skills, and socio-economic challenges. This study seeks to provide insights into the factors that influence the success of digital transformation and promote economic growth.
Digital transformation, E-government, Economic growth, Digital infrastructure
The Impact Of Sustainable Development Practices In Enhancing The Sustainable Competitive Advantage Of Industrial Companies (Case study of the Syrian General Company for Glass and Ceramic Industries)
The study aimed to determine the impact of sustainable development practices (environmental dimension, economic dimension, social dimension) in enhancing the sustainable competitive advantage of industrial companies. The descriptive approach was used to describe and analyze the research variables based on the primary data that was collected, as the researcher distributed a questionnaire to employees of the General Company for Glass and Ceramic Industries in Syria to collect the necessary primary data, and in order to test the hypotheses, the researcher entered the primary data into a database that was analyzed using SPSS version /21/. The study concluded that: The value of the Pearson correlation coefficient between the dependent variable and the independent variables was a good value with a coefficient of determination value (0.753) and a modified coefficient of determination value (0.741), meaning that the independent variables explain 74.1% of the variance in the sustainable competitive advantage, and the results of the ANOVA analysis to test the significance of the regression showed that the value of sig (0.00) is less than 0.01...
Sustainable development, environmental dimension, economic dimension, social dimension, sustainable competitive advantage
The Role of Marketing Knowledge Management processes in improving Customer Relationship Management (CRM) A Field Study on Call Centers in Hama Governorate
The research aimed to study the role of marketing knowledge management processes, which include (generation, storage, and sharing) of marketing knowledge, in improving customer relationship management in call centers. Both the deductive approach and the descriptive analytical method were relied upon as the general research methodology. A questionnaire was designed and distributed to an easy sample (consisting of 200, with 196 valid questionnaires returned for statistical analysis) of workers at the upper and middle administrative levels and customer service departments in number of call centers affiliated with the Hama branch of the Syrian Telecommunications Company. The researcher used the SPSS statistical program to conduct statistical description and test the research hypotheses. The study concluded that there is a moderate positive significant impact of marketing knowledge management processes on customer relationship management in the call centers included in the research. The research concluded with a set of recommendations and proposals that enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of marketing knowledge management (MKM) processes in improving customer relationship management (CRM).
The Role of Viral Marketing in Brand Selection A Field Study on Cellular Device Consumers in Latakia Governorate
يهدف البحث إلى تحديد دور التسويق الفيروسي في اختيار العلامة التجارية ذات الهواتف المستهلكة في محافظة اللاذقية من خلال شدة (مواقع التواصل، الحملات التسويقية، الحوافز الاجتماعية)، وذلك من خلال استطلاع رأي مبتكر للهواتف المستهلكة في محافظة اللاذقية. بالنسبة للمستثمرين على المسار الوصفي التحليلي، وشمل مجتمع البحث مستهلكي الأجهزة المصنعة في محافظة اللاذقية، أما آرت البحث فهي فعالة ميسرة مكونة من 150 فرداً، حيث وزعت باحثاً 150 استبانة، تم استرداد 134 استبانة منها صالحة للتحليل بنسبة 89%. لقد نجحت في صناعة وسائل التواصل الاجتماعي، حيث أصبحت تعتمد بشكل أساسي على توجهات المستهلكين، حيث تمكنهم من تصور العلامات والمساهمة في بناء صورة ذهنية معينة، كما تعد أدوات تسويقية فعالة لجذب المستهلكين والإعلانات وتفاعلهم مع العلامات التجارية وتحفيزهم على الشراء، كما تتعلم التحفيز جسديًا بشكل جيد. في القيمة الغذائية المدركة للعلامة التجارية وتحفيز قرار الشراء. بمعنى آخر، هناك علامة كبيرة للتسويق الفيروسي بأبعاده (مواقع التواصل، الحمل التسويقي، التحفيز الجسدي) في اختيار لاستهلاك الهواتف الخلوية في محافظة اللاذقية.
التسويق الفيروسي ، العلامة التجارية ، مستهلكي الأجهزة الخلوية
Evaluating The Level of Strategic Thinking Among Administrative Employees in the Banking Sector A Field Study in Traditional Private Bank Branches in Lattakia Governorate
The research aimed to determine the level of strategic thinking among administrative staff in traditional private bank branches in Lattakia Governorate, specifically focusing on its dimensions: comprehensiveness of thinking, timely thinking, hypothesis orientation, and strategic intent. A descriptive analytical research methodology was employed, with the research population comprising all administrative staff in traditional private bank branches in Lattakia Governorate, totaling 76 individuals. A questionnaire was distributed to all members of the population, resulting in a response rate of 89.47%. The research relied on the questionnaire as a tool for collecting information, as it was designed by the researcher after reviewing the different concepts of strategic thinking and its dimensions, then verifying its validity and reliability. The results indicated that the level of strategic thinking among administrative staff in traditional private bank branches in Lattakia Governorate was at a moderate level, with a relative importance of 67.4%. Regarding the sub-dimensions, the results were ranked as follows in descending order: strategic intent, hypothesis orientation, comprehensiveness of thinking, and timely thinking. The research recommends that employees should be trained on strategic thinking tools and methods such as SWOT, PESTEL, and value chain to analyze the bank’s internal and external environment, and to use techniques such as brainstorming and the six hats technique to stimulate creativity and generate new ideas.
Strategic Thinking, Administrative Staff, Traditional Private Banks.
Islamic Banks Commitment to Risk Information
The research addresses the commitment of Islamic banks to disclose the risks accompanying their investment operations, highlighting the importance of this obligation as part of risk management and the protection of investors' rights. The study defines the concept of the obligation to disclose, emphasizing the absence of a clear legislative definition in Syrian laws, and explores the legal foundations based on general rules in civil law, consumer protection laws, and the legislative decree specific to Islamic banks. The scope of the obligation revolves around the types of risks that must be disclosed, such as credit abuse risks, transferable commercial risks, and risks associated with financing structures like Mudarabah, Murabaha, and Musharakah. The research also examines the temporal scope of this obligation, noting that it is not limited to the pre-contract period but extends throughout the duration of the contract, reinforcing the principle of periodic and continuous disclosure. The study provides a comparison of banking regulations in Syria, Malaysia, and the United Arab Emirates, highlighting Malaysia and the UAE's advanced mechanisms for risk disclosure and stringent penalties for violations. This underscores the need for Syrian legislation to develop its legal framework in this domain. Among the key findings of the research is the absence of a clear legislative definition of the obligation to disclose in Syrian law. Additionally, it stresses the necessity of establishing clear legislative oversight and adopting modern technologies to enhance transparency. The study recommends implementing legal mechanisms to ensure good faith and improving local practices based on international experiences, contributing to increased customer trust in Islamic banks.
Banking media, risks, commercial risks transferred, formulas, Finance.
Assessing of Graduate Students’ Utilization of AI Tools in Scientific Research A Survey at Tishreen University
This research aimed to explore the most important artificial intelligence tools that can be used to enhance researchers' capabilities in scientific research and to examine the reality of their usage by graduate students at Tishreen University. The researcher adopted the experimental approach through testing these tools, and the survey method, organizing a questionnaire distributed to 351 graduate students at Tishreen University. Of these, 342 responses were received, with 128 questionnaires deemed unsuitable for analysis, while the number of valid questionnaires for analysis was 214. The research community consisted of 4,031 graduate students, according to the statistics of the Directorate of Statistics and Planning for the academic year 2022-2023. Appropriate statistical tests, such as the one-sample Student’s t-test, were used, and SPSS was relied upon as a tool for data analysis. The main conclusion was that there are motivations for graduate students to use AI tools due to their ability to search for, summarize, translate, formulate, and extract ideas from scientific articles with high quality. The researcher recommended the need to provide training programs to train students on how to use these tools and how to generate texts from them and rephrase them in the researcher’s own style, along with ensuring the availability of plagiarism detection software capable of identifying AI-generated text.
Artificial Intelligence Tools: ChatGPT, Research Rabbit, Scispace, Microsoft Copilot; Scientific Research, Tishreen University.
The legal validity of unsigned electronic writing
In light of the search for the legal validity of unsigned electronic writing as a means of proving electronic transactions in the relationship between electronic participants, this research addresses the study of the legal validity of unsigned electronic writing in Syrian electronic transaction law and some comparative laws. It does so by discussing the nature of unsigned electronic writing and defining its concept, clearly outlining its definition and the necessary conditions to be considered electronic writing. Additionally, it determines its legal nature in some Arab and Western comparative laws, examining whether it is equivalent to traditional writing in its evidential strength or whether it possesses specific characteristics and individual provisions. The research also assesses whether this unsigned electronic writing is considered a principle of proof by writing or a legal presumption, by discussing the concept of the principle of proof by writing as mentioned in general rules, and clarifying its availability in unsigned electronic writing. Furthermore, it delineates the concept of legal presumption as one of the traditional evidential methods, and whether the provisions of legal presumption apply to unsigned electronic writing. The study concludes with a summary that highlights the most significant findings and recommendations. It suggests amending Article 2 of the Electronic Transactions Law No. 3 of 2014 so that unsigned electronic writing functions as a principle of proof by writing and does not possess the validity of a legal presumption. This is because granting it the strength of legal presumption would render it a means of proof for every obligation that may be proven by personal evidence, which raises significant concerns if the document is issued by someone other than the individual against whom it is intended to be invoked. Moreover, it recommends establishing the National Authority for Network Services, as stipulated in the Electronic Signature Law No. 4 of 2009, to be responsible not only for granting electronic certification to prove the identity of the electronic signature to a natural or legal person but also to grant the same certificate to prove the identity of electronic writing issued by the same person, in line with other comparative legislations.
Key words: Electronic writing, unsigned electronic writing, electronic medium, carrier electronic, the principle of proof by writing, the judicial presumption.
In this research, I discussed the crime of defamation stipulated in the Syrian penal legislation as a crime of insult. I dealt with the research topic in two sections, the first of which was about the nature of the crime of defamation by defining it, its pillars, its forms, and the nature of the violated right. As for the second, I talked about the two cases in which the legislator explicitly gave a reason to justify the perpetrator of the crime of defamation, and about other cases that were not explicitly stipulated within the framework of the texts that dealt with this crime, but are in fact a consecration of the principle of using the right stipulated in Article /182/ of the Penal Code. Finally, I reached a set of results in addition to a set of recommendations that contribute to enriching the research.
Using Analytical study of the impact of internal factors on the performance of industrial companies
The research aims to study the internal factors affecting the financial performance of industrial companies, and also through building a model that can evaluate the performance of companies, and indicate the strengths and weaknesses in the performance of industrial companies and what are the factors affecting the performance of industrial companies in Lattakia Governorate after clarifying their importance theoretically, and knowing which of these factors may cause a change in performance. The descriptive analytical approach was applied and a questionnaire was designed directed to employees of industrial companies in Lattakia Governorate aimed at measuring the impact of internal factors on the performance of industrial companies through descriptive analysis of variables and multiple regression, and 526 questionnaires were obtained that can be analyzed. The following results were reached: There is a convergence in the evaluation of the financial performance of industrial companies, as there was a positive evaluation of profitability, liquidity, and financial structure, there is a statistically significant positive effect for each of the company size and production volume and a negative effect of the employee system on profitability, while the administrative style did not have an effect on profitability, and it was proven that there is a statistically significant positive effect for each of the company size and production volume and a negative effect for the employee system and administrative style on liquidity, as well as there is a statistically significant positive effect for each of the company size and production volume and a negative effect for the employee system on the financial structure, while the administrative style did not have an effect on the financial structure.
التحليل متعدد المتغيرات – الاداء المالي للشركات الصناعية – العوامل الداخلية في الشركات الصناعية.
The Protecting State in the Context of International Crises: Between Theory and Practice
Establish a system of protecting states to enable the conflicting parties to continue dialogue regarding the protection of their populations. The agreements stipulate, since the beginning of the conflict, the necessity for each party to appoint a protecting state to ensure the implementation of the agreements and additional protocols. The appointed delegates of the protecting states are subject to the approval of the parties to the conflict with whom they carry out their duties. The idea of our research is based on knowing the extent of the effectiveness of the role of the protecting state in implementing international humanitarian law. This research was addressed with definitions of the protecting state، an explanation of the parties that assume the responsibilities of the protecting state، we also explained the tasks and powers of the protecting state، and finally we presented applied cases of the role of the protecting state. In this research، we explained the nature of the protecting state in the first requirement، and we also explained the tasks and powers of the protecting state and its application cases in the second requirement. In order to achieve the desired goal of the establishment of the protecting state، we proposed separating the work of the aforementioned state from the initiative or acceptance of the conflicting parties. In other words، in more brief terms، we see granting the aforementioned state delegated powers to carry out its tasks as soon as there is a need to use its services.
Application of International Humanitarian Law
Measuring the impact of the challenges of adopting blockchains for banking accounting on Syrian banking performance
The aim of the research is to explore the challenges faced in adopting blockchain accounting, as well as the factors that may contribute to this adoption in the Syrian environment. This is particularly relevant given the observed weakness in adoption capabilities due to limited resources at some banks, especially in light of the rapid digital transformation being experienced across various sectors within the Syrian context. Thus, the goal of the research is to measure the reality of adoption challenges and indicate their highest levels, while assessing the impact of these challenges on the performance of Syrian banks. The research employed a descriptive analytical approach, and the questionnaire was directly distributed to employees in the accounting departments of public and private Syrian banks, yielding 62 responses suitable for analysis. The results indicated no statistically significant effect from economic, technological, organizational, or environmental challenges on banking performance. However, there is a statistically significant positive effect of the level of compatibility challenges of blockchain accounting with banks and the quality of blockchain accounting technology outputs on banking performance. The researcher recommends working to overcome compatibility challenges by providing the necessary infrastructure and equipment in order to achieve the highest level of output quality and improve banking performance, as demonstrated in the regression equation. Additionally, efforts should be made to address economic, technological, environmental, and organizational challenges, even though they did not show a direct effect on banking performance, due to their importance in developing banking operations, as they indirectly contribute to improving service quality.
Blockchain accounting, banking performance, banking information systems.
The role of the judge in providing evidence in international commercial arbitration
Arbitration plays a pivotal role in the field of international trade, due to its many advantages that have made it a haven for resolving disputes related to international trade. However, arbitration still lacks the element of coercion and obligation when the issue is related to providing evidence or forcing the parties to facilitate access to it. In this case, the arbitration body must resort to the competent judiciary to assist it in forcing one of the parties or others to provide evidence and thus provide the sound basis on which the arbitrator will build his decision. This research will address the issue of the role assigned to the judge in providing evidence to the arbitration body by examining the most important means of proof in which this role is manifested, which are testimony and expertise.
arbitration, judiciary, evidence, testimony, expertise