Submission and Review of Research- Economic and Legal Sciences Series

The Role of Change Management in Building Organizational Learning in Higher Education Institutions _ A Field Study at Lattakia University_

tarek nizam — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The research aimed to investigate the relationship between change management in (human resources, technology, organizational structure) and organizational learning at the University of Latakia. The study relied on the analytical descriptive method as its general approach. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to a sample of 375 administrative staff, with 342 responses deemed valid for analysis using SPSS.

The findings revealed three key declines: (1) Change in human resources, evidenced by diminished incentives for behavioral improvement and inequitable promotion practices; (2) Change in technology, with outdated systems failing to reduce effort or save time; and (3) Change in organizational structure, particularly in authority delegation, indicating excessive centralization.

While the correlation between change management and organizational learning was weak, their positive and statistically significant relationship suggests change mana-gement contributes to organizational learning development.Critical recommendations include: implementing behavioral training programs to enhance team work, upgrading technological infrastructure (especially internet speed), fostering expert collaborations, decentralizing decision-making processes, and establishing structured knowledge-sharing platforms. These targeted interventions address the identified gaps while promoting sustainable organizational transformation through integrated change management strategies.

The Role of Transportation Model in Reducing Costs An Applied Study on the Syrian General Establishment for Grain

Abdulhai Alhussein — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to determine the role of transportation model solution methods (Northwest Corner, Least Cost, Vogel's Approximate) in reducing costs at the General Grain Corporation in Lattakia. The researcher analysed the collected data using (QM for Windows).

The study concluded that the transportation model contributes significantly to reducing transportation costs. The savings achieved by Northwest Corner Method amounted to 112,535,000 s.p, and the savings achieved by using Least Cost Method amounted to 114,979,900 s.p, while the savings achieved by using Approximate Vogel Method amounted to 126,930,300 s.p. The researcher also presented a set of recommendations, the most important of which are: enhancing the interest and support of senior management in the institution under study to use the transfer method, stop using of traditional methods based on trial and error in making the decisions and increasing the degree of their reliance on modern scientific methods, working to increase the number of specialists in quantitative methods (including the transfer method) and creating special administrative departments or units for them to work as planning and control groups.

The Reality of Accountability and Transparency in the Adoption of International Public Sector Accounting Standards (An Exploratory Study in Public Administrative Entities in Lattakia Governorate)

Ahmad Mousa — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This research aimed to study the reality of accountability and transparency in administrative public entities in Lattakia Governorate under the adoption of the International Public Sector Accounting Standards (IPSAS). This study came in response to the requirements of financial and administrative reform, especially in light of the economic challenges facing governments, which have created an urgent need for effective public financial management based on transparency and accountability.

The research relied on the exploratory approach. Data was collected through a questionnaire distributed to account inspectors and administrative accountants in the governorate during April 2025. The data was analyzed using the One-Sample T-Test after verifying the normal distribution, relying on the SPSS program.

The results showed a positive evaluation of both accountability and transparency in the event of adopting IPSAS. It was found that these standards contribute to providing accurate and reliable financial information, which supports monitoring and accountability processes and helps entrench a culture of transparency.

Evaluate the Availability of learning organization dimensions in public hospitals Case study of the National Hospital in Tartous

محمد ديب — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to evaluate the availability of the dimensions of the learning organization (systems thinking, self-distinction, mental models, shared vision, and group learning) in the National Hospital in Tartous from the point of view of its employees.. The researcher used a descriptive approach, relying on a questionnaire to ascertain the opinions of the study sample. The questionnaire was distributed to a purposive sample of 173 employees from all job specialties (technical, administrative, nursing, and medical) at Tartous National Hospital. The SPSS 20 statistical analysis program was used to conduct statistical descriptions and test hypotheses.

The study reached the most important results: the availability of all dimensions of the learning organization in the National Hospital in Tartous.

The study makes several recommendations, including:

- strengthening the process of dialogue and discussion on important issues, encouraging employees to carry out their assigned tasks, and encouraging them to think systematically and learn from mistakes.

- Encouraging self-excellence by motivating employees to develop their skills and abilities to be creative and innovative at work.

- clarifying the vision for all hospital employees and enhancing their participation in setting hospital goals. and updating and improving the hospital's information systems to ensure that information is accessible to all staff members.

International Criminal Responsibility For Hostile Cyber Operations During Contemporary Armed Conflicts

زينة عجيل — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Modern technological techniques prevail in today`s world and armed conflicts are no longer limited to the battlefields and traditional tools, but also created the fifth fields or what is know as "Cyber Space". And hostile cyber operations became an influential part of the methods of modern war (fifth generations war), in addition to traditional military operations in the fields of fighting. In light of this very rapid development of technology and modern technologies and employing them incorrectly during international and non- international contemporary armed conflicts, which is one of the most important challenges faced by international law in general and international humanitarian law in particular because it is explicitly contradicts its rules and principles that stipulate the protection of civilians notables and prohibits their targeting with random attacks that cause excessive suffering and unjustified pain. The legal and jurisprudential debate revolves around the extent of international criminal responsibility for these operations, the possibility of applying the traditional rules ruling international responsibility, and the implications of this on the possibility of classifying them as an international crime, the possibility of prosecution, trial, and the impact of the penalties due before the criminal international judiciary.

The Role of Distance Training in Developing Employee Creativity: A Field Study on Employees at the Syrian Virtual University

مايا داود — Sun, 23 Nov 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study aimed to determine the role of distance training, with its dimensions (planning, design, and evaluation), in fostering employee creativity at the Syrian Virtual University (SVU).

A descriptive approach was employed. A purposive sample of (60) employees working at SVU branches in Lattakia Governorate was selected. From this sample, (50) valid questionnaires were retrieved for statistical analysis. Data analysis was conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.

The results revealed a positive relationship between distance training and employee creativity. Furthermore, effective planning of training programs was found to significantly contribute to the enhancement of creativity. However, the findings also indicated a limited focus on interaction and active participation in program design. The study suggests that there is an opportunity to improve mechanisms for assessing trainee satisfaction. In addition, the study emphasized the importance of a supportive work environment for creativity, as training alone is insufficient.The study recommended the formation of planning committees comprising representatives from various departments to ensure that programs meet their diverse needs. It also advocated for conducting regular employee opinion surveys to collect feedback and suggestions, utilizing data and analytics to identify skill gaps and design programs to address them, and developing performance indicators to evaluate the effectiveness of planning.