Latakia University (formerly Tishreen)Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Economic and Legal Sciences Series
Study of the quality of services provided at Latakia Hospital in Latakia (Field Study)
The objective of this research is to conduct an analytical study of the quality of healthcare services provided at Latakia Hospital, focusing on both the quality of services delivered by doctors and nurses, as well as the medical staff's ability to provide services related to privacy, comfort, cleanliness, and nutrition. Subsequently, the study aims to evaluate this quality and explore mechanisms for its improvement. The researcher employed a descriptive analytical methodology to describe the study variables, with the research population consisting of all patients at Latakia University Hospital. A questionnaire was administered to 60 patients, with 40 responding, all of whom received treatment at this hospital. It is noteworthy that this sample was a simple random sample, selected randomly from the aforementioned population. The research findings indicate a deficiency in the quality of healthcare services provided to patients at Latakia Hospital, as assessed through each dimension of service, namely tangibility, reliability, responsiveness, empathy, safety, and trust.
Copyright (c) 2026 Latakia University (formerly Tishreen)Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Economic and Legal Sciences Series
The Effect of Free Cash Flow on Firm Value with the Moderating Role of Dividend Policy (An Empirical Study on a Sample Industrial Companies Listed in Arab Gulf Markets)
The objective of the study is to determine the impact of free cash flow on firm value and the moderating effect of dividend policy. The application was conducted on 55 industrial companies listed in Gulf financial markets during 2019-2023. Data were collected from the published financial reports of companies under study, and analyzed using Eviews 13. firm value was examined as a dependent variable, measured by the Price-to-Book Value (PBV) ratio. Free cash flow was used as an independent variable, measured by the ratio of the difference between operating activities and capital expenditures to total assets. Dividend policy was treated as a moderating variable, measured by the (DPR) ratio. The results revealed that free cash flow has a significant and positive impact on the value of industrial companies listed in Gulf Arab market. In contrast, dividend policy showed no significant effect – either directly or through its interaction with free cash flow, indicating its limited role in influencing firm value within examined sample. This highlights the need to focus on more impactful financial indicators.
The Readiness of Auditors in Syria to Adopt Artificial Intelligence Techniques in External Auditing: An Exploratory Study
The study aimed to explore the level of readiness of auditors in Syria to adopt artificial intelligence technologies through the dimensions represented by (digital and accounting knowledge, technical skills, technical infrastructure, organizational and professional readiness) in external audit offices and companies operating in Syria. A questionnaire consisting of 20 items was designed and distributed to Syrian external auditors. The researcher received 216 questionnaires, of which 205 were deemed valid for analysis, representing an 82% response rate. The results showed that the readiness of Syrian auditors to adopt AI technologies remains low across all studied dimensions, indicating a gap between the auditors' current capabilities and the requirements of digital transformation in the auditing field. The results of the variance analysis also showed a significant effect of several personal and professional characteristics on the level of readiness of auditors, particularly experience, age and academic qualification. The results indicate that factors related to human capital represent the most prominent determinant of the variation in the level of readiness among individuals.
The effect of sales activation on the consumer's purchasing decision (Field study on the General Cotton Thread Company in Latakia)
The study aimed primarily to determine the effect of stimulating sales with its programs (free samples, competitions, coupons) on the purchasing decision of consumers of the General Cotton Thread Company in Lattakia. The researcher followed the descriptive analytical approach in his study, and a set of methods, including relying on secondary and primary data through a questionnaire that was designed and distributed to (100) respondents, of which (95) were retrieved. (90) Questionnaires were suitable for analysis, and the research community consisted of consumers. The General Cotton Thread Company in Lattakia, then the SPSS program was relied upon as a tool to analyze the available data. The results showed that the consumer does not seek to buy products that offer free gifts, the consumer does not attract free samples within the company, and the consumer does not increase his purchases if the competition requires a minimum level of participation in it. The results of the ANOVA analysis to test the significance of the regression showed that the value of sig (0.00), which is smaller than 0.01. Therefore, we reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis, which is that the multiple regression is significant, therefore there is an effect of the independent variables on the dependent, and we can predict the variable through these independent variables.
Alternatives and challenges for European energy security in light of the repercussions of the Russian-Ukrainian war
European energy security was exposed to serious repercussions as a result of the Russian-Ukrainian war. This war led to a rise in energy prices, especially oil and natural gas, and also to a shortage of supplies to European countries, which exacerbated the energy crisis in Europe and the difficulty of securing the needs of European countries, especially with regard to securing domestic gas. Therefore Europe resorted to searching for new sources of energy, as several alternatives emerged, including reaching new suppliers and also trying to activate new lines and paths to transport energy to Europe In addition to focusing on activating renewable energies, including solar energy and wind energy, these alternatives were hindered by several obstacles, including the fear of activating new energy paths, especially by the countries through which these lines pass, for fear of the consequences of activating these paths and their impact on international relations, and also the weakness of the capabilities of new exporters. Which makes achieving these alternatives difficult in the current period.
Administrative Accountability as a Mechanism to Combat Administrative Corruption: A Case Study of the Syrian Arab Republic 2004-2018
The aim of this research is to shed light on the concept of administrative accountability, which is a means of controlling administrative work and achieving efficiency and effectiveness. It also aims to determine the nature of the relationship between administrative accountability and administrative corruption by examining the relationship between the two variables in Syria based on the values ​​of the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI), which reflects the level of administrative corruption, and the values ​​of the Accountability Index (AII), one of the sub-indices of the Governance Index. This study aims to identify the role of administrative accountability in reducing administrative corruption, determine the level of administrative accountability practice, determine the level of administrative corruption in Syria. The descriptive approach was used to address the general framework of administrative accountability and administrative corruption, and the analytical approach was used to study relationships and test hypotheses. Based on the Governance Index, the research concluded that administrative accountability is low and not practiced seriously in Syria. The level of administrative corruption gradually increased starting in 2004, reaching its highest level in 2018, according to the Corruption Perceptions Index. Furthermore, a strong, significant inverse relationship was found between administrative accountability and the level of administrative corruption in Syria after conducting a simple linear regression test.
ing the Value Relevance of Information Related to Oil and Gas Reserves Through Its Impact on the Stock Prices of Integrated Oil and Gas Companies (An Empirical Study)
This research aimed to study the value relevance of information related to oil and gas reserves, specifically changes in the quantity of oil and gas reserves and the value relevance of the reserve replacement ratio. It also examined the value relevance of traditional financial indicators, namely net income and book value of equity, by analyzing the impact of these variables on the share price of the companies under study. The study sample consisted of 15 integrated oil and gas companies ranked among the top 100 companies by market capitalization, according to Companies Market Cap, after excluding companies that do not adhere to International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), during the period from 2017 to 2023. The necessary data for the research were collected from the annual reports and official websites of these companies. The researcher used the quantitative analytical method, and applied panel data regression models based on the model of Ohlson (1995) and used the fully corrected least squares method in the Eviews 12 statistical program. The research concluded that there is a statistically significant effect of the variables of net income, book value of equity, change in the quantity of oil and gas reserves and the reserve replacement ratio on the share price of integrated oil and gas companies, and all of these variables have a positive effect on the share price.
The Impact of Government Expenditure on the Development of the Agricultural Sector in Syria
This study aims to examine the impact of government agricultural expenditure on the development of the agricultural sector in Syria during the period (2000_2019). The research investigates the relationship between government spending and its components, and their effect on both agricultural production and agricultural investment. To achieve this objective, the analytical descriptive method was adopted to analyze the theoretical framework, while the applied analytical approach was employed to estimate the long-run and short-run relationships using the Autoregressive Distributed Lag) ARDL) model, based on annual data obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. The empirical results revealed a long-run equilibrium relationship between government expenditure and both agricultural production and agricultural investment, with a statistically significant effect at the 0.05 level. The findings indicated that government spending has a positive and clear impact on agricultural output and investment. The error correction model showed that the agricultural sector adjusts quickly to restore equilibrium, with a speed of adjustment estimated at 1.24 for agricultural output and 1.34 for agricultural investment.The statistical diagnostic tests confirmed the absence of econometric problems such as autocorrelation and multicollinearity, which validates the reliability and robustness of the model .
Measuring the Impact of Intellectual Capital components on Financial Distress for Financial Firms (Applied Study of Banks Listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange)
This study aimed to:1. Measure the efficiency level of intellectual capital components in Syrian private conventional banks.2. Assess the degree of exposure of Syrian private conventional banks to financial distress risks according to the Altman model.3. Examine the impact of intellectual capital components on financial distress in Syrian conventional banks. The research adopted a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing panel data analysis to measure the effect of intellectual capital components on financial distress in Syrian conventional banks. The study covered a time series from 2011 to 2023, with data sourced from disclosures listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange. The sample included all 11 listed private conventional banks. The results revealed a statistically significant impact of **human capital** on Altman's financial distress model. In contrast, **structural capital**, **physical capital**, and **relational capital** showed no statistically significant effects on financial distress.
Measuring Cost Efficiency by Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) -Empirical Study on Private Traditional Banks Operating in Syria-
This research aims to measure the cost efficiency of traditional private banks operating in Syria during the period extending from 2011-Q1 to 2024-Q4. Cost efficiency was measured by using the parametric stochastic frontier (SFA) method, after determining the banking inputs and outputs through the intermediation approach, and after performing centered transformation on the studied variables, the Translog cost function model was estimated using Stata.17, the result showed that the financing price and credit facilities constitute the most important variables in terms of contribution to the total cost of banks. And the average cost efficiency for banks during the studied period was 54%. by studying the regression of the efficiency on time, it was found that the efficiency has no time effect during the studied period The results also showed that the Arab Bank-Syria is the bank was the best performance in the sample, while the Ahli Trust Bank was the least efficient among the studied banks.
The Repercussions Of Artificial Intelligence On International Relations “The United States Of America As A Model”
The rapid technical development in the world has led to major transformations in international systems and the framework of international relations, to the point that many of the basic terms and concepts within the framework of international law have changed, such as the concept of state sovereignty, power, security, etc. Accordingly, the status of countries is determined by the extent to which they possess artificial intelligence technologies and keep pace with developments in this field, which means a competitive race between the great powers to prove their presence in the international arena and impose their control over the world. This research aimed to define the conceptual framework of artificial intelligence and explain the history of its emergence, in addition to explaining the development of many details while revealing the existence of a relationship between artificial intelligence on the one hand and international relations on the other hand, He also discussed the race taking place between the United States of America and other developed countries to possess artificial intelligence technologies. The research relied on the descriptive and analytical approach, and reached a set of results, the most prominent of which is the existence of a legislative deficiency in the provisions of international law that must be corrected so that the concerned authorities can prosecute the perpetrator of the crime using artificial intelligence techniques, as it is a cross-border crime, whatever it may be. In addition to proving the ability of the United States of America to predict risks and how it can manage its foreign policy and build its international relations with the surrounding world through artificial intelligence systems.
An Analytical Study of the Effect of Per Capita GDP and Unemployment Rate on the Human Development Index in Syria During the Period (2008-2022)
The research aims to study and analyze the effect of per capita GDP and unemployment rate on the Human Development Index in Syria during the period of time from (2008-2022), with a focus on the components of the Human Development Index: health, education, and per capita income. The research used the multiple regression analysis method to estimate the relationship between the two independent variables (per capita GDP and unemployment rate) and the dependent variable (Human Development Index), and attempted to model this relationship based on time series data extending between the years (2008-2022), taken from the data of the Central Bureau of Statistics in Syria, and the human development reports issued by the United Nations Development Program. The available data were analyzed using the SPSS V.25 program. The research reached the following results: 1- The Syrian citizen lost more than half of his nominal monthly income during the period (2008-2022). 2- The unemployment rate in Syria increased from 10.2% in 2008 to 23.7% in 2022. 3- The Human Development Index declined in Syria from 0.657 points in 2008 to 0.577 points in 2022, as a result of the decline in the value of its three components during the study period. 4- There is a significant effect of GDP per capita and the unemployment rate on the Human Development Index in Syria.
The Evolution of Neutrality Strategies as a Tool for Influencing International Relations A Comparative Analytical Study of the Sultanate of Oman's Experience and Selected International Models And the Possibility of Implementing It in Syria
This study aims to analyze the evolution of the concept of neutrality in international relations as a strategic tool for conflict management and enhancing state stature, with a focus on the Omani experience in comparison with selected international models (Switzerland, Austria, Ireland, Costa Rica), and explores its Potential application in Syria. The study adopted descriptive-analytical and comparative approaches, using SWOT analysis to assess strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in each model. It also employed the case study methodology for the Omani experience, analyzing policies and legislative frameworks supporting neutrality policy. The findings reveal that neutrality has evolved from a passive stance based on non-intervention to a dynamic, positive, and effective strategy, with the addition of a digital dimension reflecting contemporary technological challenges, which has become a fundamental requirement for sovereignty in cyberspace. The Omani experience demonstrated remarkable flexibility in adapting to regional crises, earning it a credible mediator role trusted by all international and regional parties. In the Syrian case, the study concludes that adopting a hybrid dynamic neutrality model, inspired by Oman and benefiting from international best practices, could represent a realistic path for reconstruction, national reconciliation, and international reintegration, provided there is strong political will, robust institutions, and a supportive environment. The study recommends a "dual-track model" integrating internal reform and external diplomacy, emphasizing the importance of the digital dimension in contemporary neutrality strategy.
Forecasting Using a Hybrid Model (NNAR) for Industrial Employment and Industrial Imports in Syria: An Indicative Study for the Period 2022–2027
This study aims to analyze the reality and trends of selected indicators of the Syrian industrial sector, represented by the number of workers in the industrial sector and the volume of industrial imports, during the period (2000–2021), and to test the efficiency of the Neural Network Autoregressive (NNAR) model in forecasting their future trends under conditions of short time series and structural instability. The study adopts a descriptive–analytical approach supported by quantitative analysis and statistical forecasting methods. Historical trends of the studied variables are analyzed, followed by the construction of an NNAR model to generate forecasted values for the period (2022–2027). The results show that industrial employment experienced a growth phase before 2011, followed by a sharp contraction and then a limited gradual recovery. Industrial imports were characterized by instability with a relative downward tendency in recent years. The findings indicate that the NNAR model shows acceptable forecasting efficiency, suggesting an upward trend in industrial employment in contrast to a downward trend in industrial imports during the forecasting period.
The Effect of Competitiveness on the Profitability of Syrian Private Banks: An Empirical Study Using Auto Regressive Distributed Lag Model (ARDL)
This research aimed to test the effect of competitiveness on the profitability of Syrian banks during the period (2009- 2024), the competitiveness was measured using Panzar & Rosse approach (PR) as nonstructural measure, the Banking concentration ratio of the top four banks in relation to total loans (CR4l), Herfindahl Hircshman index in relation to total deposits (HHId) as structural measures, while Profitability was measured using retune on assets (ROA), Earning Per Share. To achieve the research goal, quarterly data was used, and ARDL approach was applied. The research concluded that there is positive and significant effect of competitiveness measured by (PR) on the profitability in the long term, and negative and significant effect in the short term. there is also positive and significant effect of competitiveness measured by (CR4l) on the Profitability in the long term, as for its effect in the short term, It’s negative. while competitiveness when measured by the (HHId) index, had negative effect on profitability in the long term, and positive effect in the short term.
An Empirical Study Of The Impact Of Liquidity Determinants On Private Banking Investment In Syria
The research aimed to measure the impact of liquidity determinants on private banking investment in Syria using standard panel data models, where sample of nine commercial banks listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange was selected during the period from 2010 to 2020. To achieve this goal, data from the banks' financial statements issued by the Damascus Securities Exchange, in addition to data issued by the Central Bank of Syria, were used. The research reached a number of conclusions, the most of which is the presence of a statistically significant positive effect for each of the capital adequacy ratio and the rate of return on assets on banking investment. The effect of the GDP growth rate and inflation rate was significant , while the rate of loan loans granted and the debt ratio did not having a significant effect on banking investment. The random effects model is the most appropriate model for the study among the proposed panel models.
The Effect Of The Pharmaceutical Marketing Mix On Customer Satisfaction (A Field Study On Doctors And Pharmacists In The Syrian Coast)
This research aimed to examine the effect of the pharmaceutical marketing mix on customer satisfaction within pharmaceutical companies and warehouses in the Syrian Coast. The study operationalized the marketing mix through four key dimensions: Product, Pricing, Distribution, and Promotion. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, the researcher characterized the study variables. Primary data were collected via a structured questionnaire, administered to a convenience sample of customers (doctors and pharmacists). The final analytically valid sample size comprised 149 respondents. To test the hypotheses, the following statistical analyses were conducted: One-sample t-test, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and Multiple linear regression. The study revealed three key findings: Significantly high levels in all dimensions of the pharmaceutical marketing mix (except for the product dimension), A moderate level of customer satisfaction (doctors and pharmacists) interacting with pharmaceutical companies and warehouses in the Syrian Coast, and a statistically significant relationship between the pharmaceutical marketing mix dimensions and customer satisfaction.
The Impact of Digital Technology on Inclusive Marketing in Private Companies (A field study on telecommunications companies on the Syrian coast)
This study aims to investigate the impact of digital technology on the effectiveness of comprehensive marketing within private companies, highlighting the branches of SYRIATEL and MTN companies in the cities of Latakia, Jableh, Baniyas, and Tartous. The research adopted a descriptive analytical approach, as a precise questionnaire was designed to collect data from employees in the marketing and technology departments of these branches. The sample size was 120 employees who were selected according to the stratified random sampling method. The results showed a positive, significant relationship between employing digital technology tools, such as data analysis, social media platforms, and interactive solutions, and enhancing comprehensive marketing, especially in terms of expanding the customer base and improving the quality of their experience. It also revealed that there are challenges, including limited digital infrastructure, and the constant need to develop the skills of marketing teams in dealing with digital tools. Accordingly, the study recommends that companies should invest in artificial intelligence technologies to analyze the behavior of diverse customers, while emphasizing the importance of integration between technology and marketing departments to achieve more effective and sustainable results.
The Impact (Of Digital Transformation On International Economic Systems (A Comparative Study Between India And The UAE)
The study aimed to analyze the impact of digital transformation on the structure of the international economy, examine the extent of the digital economy's impact on the distribution of economic power among countries, and highlight the opportunities and challenges posed by the digital economy. It also conducted an empirical study on digital transformation in India and the UAE, adopting a descriptive and analytical approach. The study concluded with several key findings, the most important of which are: - Digital transformation has played a significant role in changing the nature of international economic relations. This is due to the way these transformations have altered the way economic and commercial operations are conducted internationally, changing the patterns of government work and payment systems, and creating numerous job opportunities online. - Digital transformation has contributed to enhancing economic growth in India and the UAE by utilizing components of the digital economy to achieve competition across digital platforms, expanding the number of global markets, and creating job opportunities.
Using Factor Analysis To Study The Factors Influencing Latakia University's Ranking In International University Rankings From The Perspective Of Latakia University Faculty Members.
The research aims to identify the reality of Latakia University and its position in global university rankings, and then to study the factors affecting Latakia University’s ranking within global university ranking lists from the perspective of faculty members at Latakia University using factor analysis. This is achieved by designing and distributing a questionnaire to a sample of 519 faculty members at Latakia University, and analyzing and studying the sample’s responses during the months of October, November and December 2024. The study concluded that Latakia University achieved a ranking in global and local university rankings in 2024. Then, using exploratory factor analysis, the study identified three factors influencing Latakia University's ranking in global university rankings from the perspective of faculty members at Latakia University, which explained 69.853% of the findings. From the overall variance and its determination according to its degree of influence, the three extracted factors were named according to the variables they included as follows: (educational efficiency, the reality of scientific research, strategies used to improve the global ranking of Latakia University). The three factors were complementary in terms of their explanatory percentage As the values of the coefficients of the variables representing the factors approached, any change in a variable plays a significant role in changing the university's ranking, and therefore, all variables related to each factor should be focused on
The role of Quality of Electronic Services in Combating Administrative Corruption (A Field study on the Directorate of Domestic Trade and Consumer Protection in Aleppo)
The aim of this research is to determine the role of e-service quality in combating administrative corruption in the Ministry of Internal Trade and Consumer Protection (Aleppo Directorate), by assessing the perceived quality of the e-services currently implemented in the directorate, noting that digital transformation efforts are still ongoing and several services remain under development. The study adopted a descriptive-analytical methodology and relied on a structured questionnaire to collect data from a convenience sample of employees. A total of 70 questionnaires were distributed, 66 were returned, and 64 were valid for statistical analysis. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to examine the relationship between e-service quality and the dimensions of administrative corruption (integrity, transparency, and accountability). The results revealed a significant positive correlation at the 0.01 level between e-service quality and the reduction of administrative corruption, as well as with each of its individual dimensions. The study concludes with several recommendations, including the need to develop the existing e-services, accelerate the implementation of new ones, and provide continuous technical training for employees to support anti-corruption efforts.
A Study On The Impact Of Green Growth Orientation On Economic Growth Rate In China Using The ARDL Model
The objective of this study is to examine the impact of the transition toward green growth on the rate of economic growth in the People’s Republic of China. Eleven independent variables were employed, derived from the Green Growth Report (GGGI) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) report. These include, among others, the proportion of the population benefiting from safely managed drinking water services, the proportion of the population benefiting from safely managed sanitation services, the share of renewable energy in total final energy consumption, primary energy intensity, and domestic material consumption (DMC) per unit of GDP. The dependent variable is the economic growth rate of GDP. The Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model was applied to test the research hypothesis. The findings indicate that four variables exert significant effects on GDP growth. Specifically, the proportion of the population benefiting from safely managed sanitation services exhibits a positive long-run relationship with GDP growth, while both renewable energy share and the Red List Index demonstrate negative long-run relationships with GDP growth. Primary energy intensity, however, shows a positive effect at certain lags. In the short run, the results reveal a significant positive effect of sanitation services, whereas renewable energy and the Red List Index exert negative effects, with primary energy intensity displaying a positive impact in some short-run periods.
The Impact of Financial Leverage on Financial Performance and Market Value: An Applied Econometric Study on Private Traditional Banks Listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange
The study aimed to highlight the impact of financial leverage on the financial performance and market value of the shares of private traditional banks in Syria. This was achieved by examining the effect of financial leverage on market value, the effect of financial leverage on financial performance, and the effect of financial performance on the market value of the shares of private traditional banks listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange. The applied econometric methodology was adopted, with the study population consisting of 11 traditional banks during the period (2009–2023). The hypotheses related to the study variables—financial leverage, financial performance, and market value—were tested using panel data and econometric models (fixed and random effects models). The study concluded that there is a positive effect of financial leverage, measured by the equity multiplier, on the performance of banks, and a negative effect on the market value of bank shares. It was also shown that financial leverage, measured by the ratio of debt to total assets, has a negative effect on bank performance and a positive effect on the market value of shares. Moreover, bank performance itself has a negative effect on the market value of shares. Regarding the control variables, operating efficiency has no effect on bank performance but has a positive effect on the market value of shares, while asset quality has a negative effect on both bank performance and the market value of shares.
The Impact of the Economic Factor on Turkish-Iraqi Political Relations within the Framework of Interdependence Theory
The study examines the nature of Turkish–Iraqi relations, which over the past two decades have been marked by sharp fluctuations between cooperation and conflict. The economic factor has played a pivotal role in shaping these relations, while at the same time deepening structural imbalances and producing patterns of constrained dependency. The research therefore aims to analyze the impact of the economic factor on the political relations between the two countries during the period 2003–2023, while testing the applicability of interdependence theory in explaining this interaction. The study employs a descriptive–analytical approach, relying on quantitative tools (trade and investment statistics) as well as qualitative methods (analysis of bilateral agreements and political frameworks). The findings reveal that economic interdependence between Iraq and Turkey has been asymmetrical, with Ankara exploiting its trade and investment superiority, along with water resources, as instruments of political leverage. Iraq, by contrast, has been unable to translate its oil wealth into balanced influence. The study further demonstrates that interdependence, instead of fostering stability, has exacerbated political and security tensions. It concludes that classical interdependence theory is insufficient to explain relations characterized by asymmetry, and calls for a reconsideration of its application. The study recommends that Iraq diversify its economic partnerships and strengthen international legal frameworks to ensure equitable resource-sharing.
International Criminal Responsibility For The Use Of Internationally Prohibited Weapons
This research addresses the topic of international criminal responsibility for the use of internationally prohibited weapons, as it is one of the most important topics within the framework of international criminal law, given the suffering, dangers, and damages that the whole world has endured from the use of unconventional weapons in wars, and the threats that their use may cause that could occur at any time and place in the present and future. This keeps the door always open for various researchers to investigate this thorny and sensitive topic. This research necessitated addressing the elements of international criminal responsibility for the unlawful use of internationally prohibited weapons in the first section, and the circumstances under which international criminal responsibility for the use of such weapons is negated in the second section. In the first section, we discussed the elements of international criminal responsibility, namely: the objective element, represented by the unlawful conduct, and the element of personal attribution. In the second section, we addressed the circumstances under which international criminal responsibility is negated arising from the use of internationally prohibited weapons, whether through the materials used in their manufacture or through the use of the weapons themselves.
The Role of Electronic Payment Methods in Reducing Credit Risk in Banks (A Field Study of Commercial Banks Listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange)
The primary objective of this study is to investigate the role of electronic payment methods in reducing credit risk in the banking sector. To achieve this, a field study was conducted targeting 11 commercial banks listed on the Damascus Securities Exchange. Within this framework, electronic payment tools including mobile banking applications, electronic payment cards, and electronic fund transfers were treated as the independent variable, while bank credit risk was designated as the dependent variable. The researcher adopted a deductive approach as the overarching framework for reasoning, complemented by the use of a descriptive-analytical methodology. A structured questionnaire was developed as the primary tool for data collection and distributed to a convenient sample consisting of 128 participants. Of these, 119 responses were retrieved, with 110 deemed valid for statistical analysis. Data processing and interpretation were conducted using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), version 26. The study yielded a number of findings, the most significant of which was the existence of a positive and statistically acceptable correlation between banks’ adoption of electronic payment methods and the reduction of credit risk. The correlation coefficient reached 0.80, while the coefficient of determination was 0.64, indicating that approximately 64% of the variance in credit risk mitigation can be attributed to the implementation of electronic payment cards in the banks examined.
The Role Of Market Knowledge In Improving Marketing Innovation “A Field Study on Food Industry Companies Operating in Syria”
This study aimed to determine the role of market knowledge (customer knowledge, competitor knowledge, and market knowledge) in improving marketing innovation in food industry companies operating in Syria. The researcher relied on the descriptive analytical approach and on the questionnaire as a study tool, as she distributed 178 questionnaires to a facilitated sample of employees at the upper and middle administrative levels of employees in the companies under study. The researcher analyzed the data using statistical analysis software (SPSS 25). At the end of this research, the researcher concluded that there is a statistically significant relationship between customer knowledge, competitor knowledge, and market knowledge on the one hand, and improving marketing innovation in the companies under study. The researcher also made a number of recommendations, including: Focusing on market knowledge, enhancing it, and transferring it to achieve marketing innovation, providing marketing programs that meet the ever-changing needs and desires of customers and outperform competitors, using open communication channels with its customers to identify their inquiries and comments and ensure that their requirements are met, and focusing on market analysis to select the sector that can be best served.
The Impact of Hybrid Work in Job Engagement: A Field Study of Private Banks in Damascus Governorate
The study aimed to demonstrate the impact of the hybrid work system, with its dimensions (spatial and temporal flexibility, organizational support for hybrid work, and hybrid work culture), on job Engagement, represented by (vitality, dedication, and integration), in private banks in Syria. The inductive approach was adopted in this study. The study population included employees in private banks in Damascus Governorate. A random sample of administrators working in various job positions (manager, department head, administrative employee) was taken. The study found a high level of hybrid work implementation in private banks in Syria, in addition to a high level of job Engagement among employees in private banks. There is a significant positive impact of hybrid work across its dimensions (spatial and temporal flexibility, organizational support for hybrid work, and hybrid work culture) on job Engagement (dynamism, dedication, and Engagement) in private banks in Syria. The study recommended a comprehensive review of current hybrid work policies, with a focus on gathering employee feedback on their experiences, challenges, and preferences within the current hybrid model. This will help modify policies to maximize productivity and employee satisfaction, thereby maintaining and improving the high level of hybrid work adoption.
The Impact of Media on Social Awareness (A Field Study on Latakia University Students)
This research aimed to examine the impact of media on social awareness among students at Latakia University. The researcher focused on two dimensions of social awareness-scientific awareness and economic awareness-as dependent variables, while considering media as the independent variable. The researcher employed a descriptive-analytical approach and used simple random sampling for the study population. A total of 430 questionnaires were distributed to Latakia University students, of which 405 were returned. Of these, 390 were valid for analysis, which was performed using SPSS software. To test the research hypotheses, the researcher applied the one-sample t-test and the Pearson correlation coefficient. The findings revealed a high level of media availability among students, accompanied by increased levels of both scientific and economic awareness. Furthermore, the results demonstrated a positive and statistically significant effect of media on both scientific and economic awareness, confirming a meaningful overall impact of media on social awareness. The study concluded with several recommendations emphasizing the importance of enhancing students’ ability to critically interpret media messages and to distinguish between facts and opinions. This could be achieved through the establishment of university-affiliated digital platforms that provide educational videos, tests, and interactive learning modules.
The Role of E-Commerce in Promoting International Trade (A Comparative Analytical Study)
The research primarily aimed to study and define the concept of e-commerce, its importance, and various characteristics. It also aimed to identify and study the role of e-commerce in promoting international trade and focusing on its impact. It also aimed to identify the most important countries leading the field of e-commerce, led by the United States and China. This research relied on a descriptive and analytical approach. The research reached several conclusions, the most important of which are: e-commerce has proven its ability to reach global markets and transcend geographical borders. Furthermore, e-commerce, thanks to digital transformation technologies, has contributed to increasing the transparency and security of commercial transactions over the Internet, all of which has helped to enhance the growth of international trade. The research demonstrated that the use of digital transformation technologies has helped improve e-commerce operations. The research also concluded that there are differences between developed and developing countries in the strategies and motivations for adopting e-commerce technologies to develop and enhance international e-commerce.