Latakia University Journal -Biological Sciences Series
The authors retain the copyright and grant the right to publish in the magazine for the first time with the transfer of the commercial right to the Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series Under a CC BY- NC-SA 04 license that allows others to share the work with of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal. Authors can use a copy of their articles in their scientific activity, and on their scientific websites, provided that the place of publication is indicted in Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series . The Readers have the right to send, print and subscribe to the initial version of the article, and the title of Tishreen University Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series Publisher journal uses a CC BY-NC-SA license which mean You are free to: Share — copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format Adapt — remix, transform, and build upon the material The licensor cannot revoke these freedoms as long as you follow the license terms. Attribution — You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. NonCommercial — You may not use the material for commercial purposes. ShareAlike — If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you must distribute your contributions under the same license as the original. No additional restrictions — You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits.
Diagnosis of some endoparasites in the digestive tract of quail In some farms spread in Lattakia governorate
The aim of this study is diagnosing some internal parasites of bred quail in Lattakia governorate, where about 80 birds were collected from four different farms of it rearing system (2 ground raising, 2 cage raising), distributed across the regions of the governorate (Qerdaha, Jableh, Lattakia), during two periods, the first in May 2023. And the second was in November 2023, where 40 birds are checked at each period, the birds were brought alive to the poultry laboratory at the Faculty of Agricultural Engineering at Tishreen University. Birds have drugged, and the entire digestive tract was dissected and divided longitudinally search of worms. Were also taken smears from fecal detect presence of protozoa. The highest rate of infection with cestoda (22.5%) was recorded during November, and the isolated species were: Raillietina echinobothrida , Raillietina tetragona. Raillietina tetragona recorded the highest infection rate (15%) in November, while the infection rate of Nematodes (21.25%) during two periods, with two species Ascaridia galli and Heterakis gallinarum. Two species of Eimeria were also diagnosed: Eimeria bateri and Eimeria tenella. The highest infection rate was Eimeria tenella (12.5%) in May. study also concluded that there was a higher incidence of tapeworms, nematodes, and protozoa in ground raising farms compared to farms that follow the cage raising system, where they were recorded at (35%), (27.5%), and (27.5%), respectively, while It was recorded in cage farms (7.5%), (10%) and (10%) respectively.
Copyright (c) 2025 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Effect of using some organic fertilizers and marine algae extract on the growth and production of cucumber in plastic green house
The research was carried out in the village of Hmeimim, affiliated to the Jableh region in Lattakia Governorate, in an unheated plastic hall, during the agricultural season 2023 to study the effect of some organic fertilizers and marine algae extract on the vegetative and floral growth of cucumbers. The experiment was conducted on the hybrid cucumber "Romano F1", which is a female hybrid that produces only female flowers. Two types of organic fertilizer were used in the study: fish pond sediment fertilizer and organic fertilizer (composed of sheep, poultry and cow waste) and marine algae extract. The study included 4 treatments: T0 control plants, T1 plants with fish pond sediment added at a rate of 300 g/m2, T2 plants with fermented and dried organic fertilizer added at a rate of 500 g/m2, T3 plants sprayed with marine algae extract at a concentration of 1.50 ml/l and 4 replicates for each treatment and 10 plants in each replicate, so the number of plants in the experiment becomes 160 plants according to the complete randomized block design. Readings were taken related to the vegetative indicators of cucumber plant as well as the indicators of flowering and fruiting (for early-growing fruits). The results showed: The addition of fish pond sediments increased plant height (305.20 cm) and the number of branches formed on the plant (18.09 branches) and outperformed the control treatment and the highest number of female flowers (56.97 flowers/plant) and the number of fruits (45.61 fruits/plant) and with significant differences with the rest of the treatments. The foliar spray treatment with marine algae extract outperformed in the number of leaves (56.39 leaves/plant), leaf surface area (19609cm2), and leaf surface index (8.17) over all treatments; While the treatment of fish pond sediments achieved the highest production per plant of 5.27 kg/plant and the highest productivity per unit area of ​​21.92 kg/m2, outperforming the rest of the treatments. Therefore, fish pond sediments and marine algae extract can be used on cucumber plant "Romano F1"to improve and increase vegetative and floral growth indicators.
The effect of foliar feeding with some nutrients and seaweed extracts on the production of apple trees and the quality of their fruits
This study was carried out in the village of Kassab in Lattakia Governorate on apple trees of the (Golden delicious) variety during the two growing seasons (2021-2022) in order to find out the effect of foliar spraying with some nutrients and seaweed extracts on some physical and chemical specifications of apple fruits Golden delicious the experiment included eight treatments, where spraying with boron, potassium and seaweed extracts was carried out individually or in combination with each other, The process of spraying with these materials led to a significant superiority of the studied transactions compared to the control, where the average production of trees increased, as the highest value was recorded in the treatment of (K+B + SW) which is (98.17) kg, and the lowest was in the treatment of the witness (68.75) kg, and for the diameter of the fruits, the highest diameter of the fruits was found in the treatment of boron (7.37) cm and the lowest was in the control (6.59) cm, and the highest discoloration of the fruits was found in the treatment (B+K + SW) where it was (87.5) % and the lowest discoloration was found in the control (42.5)%. As for the hardness of the fruits, the highest value was in the treatment of (SW) (8.77) kg / cm 2 and the lowest value of hardness was in the control (6.22) kg / cm 2, but the dissolved solids did not give significant differences between the coefficients studied.
Comparison of two tests Latex and ELISA efficiency in Diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis in Lattakia Governorate.
The research dealt with compared and evaluated between two common tests used to detect of Toxoplasmosis, Latex agglutination test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay test or ELISA test, in random sample of males and females attending Tishreen University Hospital in Lattakia during 2022 and 2023. The number of blood samples collected was 240 (161 females, 79 males). The results of LAT test showed that the infection rate in females during combined two years was 42.23% (68 infections), while a very small number of infections were recorded in males, amounting to only 5 infections, with a percentage of 6.32%. As for the infection rates for females during 2022 and 2023 with IgM, IgG and the two antibodies together, measured using ELISA test was 24.84%, 1.24% and 4.34% respectively, with 49 infections and a total percentage 30.43%, while for males it was 3.79%, 3.79% and 0%, with only six infections and a total percentage 7.59%. The sensitivity of ELISA test was 91.66%, while its specificity was 98.40%. Compared to the LAT test, whose sensitivity was 100% and its specificity was 90.27%. The ELISA test can be considered the most efficient and accurate in detecting Toxoplasma gondii infection, while the LAT test is only important for early detection of the disease.
Quantitative determination of Silymarin in Silybum marianum, Cynara scolymus and Gundelia toumefortii grown in Syria. (A comparative study)
This study was to determine the total Silymarin concentrations in Silybum marianum(seeds), Cynara scolymus (leaves, scales, bud base), and Gundelia toumefortii (leaves, stems, fruits) collected from four geographically different locations in Syria, (Damascus, Homs, Tartus and Lattakia), during plants maturation period. Silymarin concentrations were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using reversed phase C18 column. Results showed that, silymarin concentrations varied with the geographical location and plant tissue. Total silymarin concentrations in Silybum marianum seeds ranged between 5.4 and 29.1 mg/g dry weight. The highest concentrations of silymarin were in the seeds collected from Damascus (29.1 mg/g dry weight), and the lesser concentrations were in the seeds collected from Homs location (5.4mg/g). The seeds collected from Tartus and Lattakia locations contained (12.7 mg/g) and (13.9 mg/g), respectively. In Cynar scolymus and Gundelia toumefortii the highest total silymarin concentration was found in the leaves of Gundelia toumefortii (8.2 mg/g), and in the bud base of Cynara scolymus (25.6 mg /g). There were significant differences in silymarin concentrations in seeds among various sampling locations; In addition, Significant differences in silymarin concentrations were also found among various parts of Cynara scolymus as determined by LSD test at P<0.05.
Analysis of the impact of agricultural policy on potato production in Syria using the Agricultural Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM)
The research aimed to study and analyze the agricultural policies followed regarding the potato crop in the year 2023 using the Agricultural Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), and to study the impact of the policy followed on the production of the crop using indicators of efficiency and economic competitiveness. The research adopted descriptive and quantitative analytical approaches, using mathematical and statistical methods and using some economic analysis methods to express economic variables such as revenues and costs and estimating the agricultural policy analysis matrix for the potato crop, using economic indicators of the impact of agricultural policy through three aspects: measuring nominal and effective protection coefficients, measuring Comparative advantage through the local resource cost factor, measuring the financial profitability of the farmer and the economic state of the country. The results of the research showed that the net transfer (L) of agricultural policies affecting the crop is negative, and this means that the policies applied do not work for the benefit of the producer. The nominal protection coefficient for outputs (NPCO) reached 0.55 (less than one), and this means that farmers get less profit if Merchandise trade is free, and the nominal protection coefficient for inputs (NPCi) is 0.47, and the effective protection coefficient (EPC) is 0.56 (less than one). This means that the overall impact of the policy outcomes indicates negative effects (taxes). The results of the analysis showed that the potato crop enjoys a comparative advantage, as the local resource cost (DRC) coefficient reached 0.05 (less than one). This means that the cost of the local worker is less than the social profit. The results also indicated that producing the crop is profitable for the farmer and the money invested in growing the crop is less than the value added achieved, as the private cost ratio (PCR) coefficient reached 0.08 (less than one), and the value of the support for agricultural producers (SRP) coefficient indicated that the applied agricultural policy does not support Product where the index value is -0.40 (less than zero).
The effect of using silage of carrot pulp and hay with urea-added in dairy cow diets on milk yield and composition
The research was conducted at the Deir Hajar Station for Syrian Cattle Research in the Rural Damascus Governorate in 2022.The experiment lasted for 45 days, during which 8 homogeneous Holstein-Friesian cows, matched in age and production season, were randomly assigned to two groups:the control group T and the experimental group T1. The control group was fed a diet consisting of a concentrate, straw, and green fodder, while in T1, carrot pulp silage was substituted for part of diet with straw and urea based on dry matter at increasing ratios(8-16-24-32-40-48)%. The results showed that the produced silage had excellent specifications in terms of chemical composition, color, aroma, and pH level, which averaged 3.74±0.36. The silage was highly palatable for the cows, and no significant differences were recorded in dry matter, energy, and protein consumption between the two groups.Milk production was higher in the experimental group T1 at 4.92%, reaching 24.53 kg/day; however, this difference was not statistically significant.No significant differences were observed in the average milk fat percentage between the control group T and the experimental group T1, which were 3.22% and 3.59%, respectively.Similar results were obtained for protein and lactose percentages. Replacing carrot pulp silage with straw and urea as part of the diet reduced feed costs by 11.1% and decreased the cost of producing 1 kg of milk by 15.2%.Thus, the silage made from carrot pulp, straw, and urea exhibited good specifications, and increasing its dietary intake did not negatively impact dry matter consumption or milk production and composition while reducing feeding costs for milk production.
Smart Agricultural Develop effective strategies to promote the adoption of smart agricultural methodsbased on the demographic characteristics of farmers
The study aimed to study the effect of the demographic characteristics of farmers on the adoption of smart agricultural methods. To achieve the research objectives, a sample of (45) farmers was taken from agricultural researchers, and the required data was collected by designing a questionnaire form designed for this purpose according to the method of personal interviews with farmers. The analytical approach was used to describe and analyze the sample members’ answers to the questionnaire’s axes. The research results showed that there are statistically significant differences between the number of years of experience, age, educational level, and the ability of farmers to adopt smart agriculture. The research also showed that farmers are of active age and have an appropriate educational level, and the majority of them are specialized agricultural engineers, which helps in adopting smart agricultural methods . The results of the research showed that smart agriculture methods are among the most applied smart agricultural methods, at a rate of 70.4%, followed by smart fertilization methods, at a rate of 68.2%, then smart irrigation methods, at a rate of 67%, and smart control methods came in last place, and By 57.03%, the research also reached a set of proposals: the most important of which is providing the opportunity for farmers to own smart agriculture tools and equipment at affordable prices. Thoughtful, through financing loans to adopt smart agriculture, the gradual transition to using smart agriculture systems on a large scale, attention to training and preparing expert resources in the field of smart agriculture, and working to reduce the fragmentation of agricultural holdings if possible, because of its negative effects on the application of smart agriculture, As large areas encourage the adoption of modern technology, the results of which are reflected in the productivity of a unit of area and in overall agricultural production.
Study of The Hepatorenal toxic effect of indomethacin and evaluation of the protective effect of aloe vera gel extract
This study aimed to determine the effect of Ethanolic Aloe vera gel extract in alleviating or preventing the hepatotoxic and renal toxic effects induced by indomethacin in male albino mice, Thus, it can be adopted as a plant-based protective agent against the side effects of this drug. This study, included 30 white mice, (Balb/c strain), which were divided into three experimental groups (10 mice in each). as follows: The first group (the physiological control), was treated with oral cavity of DMSO 10% until the end of the experiment, while the second group (the pathological control), was treated with oral cavity of indomethacin in a single dose for 6 hours To induce toxicity ,whereas the third group (Protective) was treated with oral cavity of Ethanolic extract of Aloe vera gel for 30 days, then at the next day mice were treated with oral cavity of indomethacin in a single dose 166 mg⁄kg for 6 hours day . At the end of the experiment, the treated animals were anesthetized by Chloroform and dissected to obtain kidneys and livers. Histopathology results showed a toxic effect of indomethacin, represented by severe cytoplasmic necrosis and individual necrosis in some hepatic cells, In addition to severe vascular congestion, As for Renally with glomerular degeneration, vascular congestion, in addition to degenerative changes in the proximal tubules. Aloe vera gel extract showed an important protective effect, as it preserved the integrity of the hepatic tissue structure, with the exception of noting punctate lymphocytic infiltrates within the portal spaces and central vein congestion. Likewise, in the kidneys, it preserved the renal tissue structure, only vascular congestion was observed without any inflammatory infiltrates, which indicates its great effectiveness in scavenging free radicals and antioxidant.
The effect of fermenting seaweed extracts from the beach of Latakia with the biofertilizer EM1 on the growth of cucumber plants (height-leaves-flowers)
Seaweed clearly affected the growth of cucumber plants during all growth stages, and gave quick and clear results during the first weeks when fertilized with the extracts. The marine algae extracts were divided into three sections (algae extract after drying - algae extract after drying + EM1 - algae extract without drying + EM1), the extracts were applied to cucumber plants and compared with two groups, the first with chemical fertilizers (Urea 46%) and a second control group(Irrigated with water only). Algae extract after drying + EM1 gave the best results during the experiment period that extended to 6 weeks, where morphological measurements were taken (height_leaves_flowers), where the highest average length of the plant was recorded in the sixth week (157.66) cm, while the control recorded in the sixth week an average length of ( 79) cm. The average number of leaves in the sixth week was (73.66) leaves. The average number of leaves in the control in the sixth week was (42) leaves. As for the number of flowers, it recorded an average of (13) flowers in the fifth week, while the control recorded an average of (6) Flowers in the fourth week of the experiment.
Finding the optimal conditions for the production of cellulase enzyme from the fungus Trichoderma viride
This research was conducted at Tishreen University during the period 2023-2024, and aimed to determine the optimal conditions for producing the cellulase enzyme from the fungus Trichoderma viride in terms of pH, nutrient media concentration, incubation temperature and time using the response surface technology, by taking advantage of the pods of the Ghaf plant. As a food medium, cellulase enzyme can be used in many industrial applications. A central composite design was used to verify the effect of four independent variables: pH, concentration of ghaf pods (%), incubation temperature and time on the response factor, which is the effectiveness of cellulase enzyme production. The independent variables were tested at three levels based on the results of the preliminary experiments. Response outcomes were predicted using a second-order polynomial model. According to this study, the optimal conditions for the production of cellulase by Trichoderma viride were determined, where the pH was = 6, while the concentration of pods was 5.2%, the incubation temperature = 35 °C, and its time = 142 hours, where the expected theoretical values ​​reached (54.8 U.ml). -1), and when these conditions were applied, the enzymatic activity of cellulase reached 53.9 U.ml-1. The convergence of the experimental results with the theoretical values ​​indicated the suitability of the model and the possibility of using the response surface methodology in determining the optimal conditions for enzyme production.
Study of the alternate bearing and some factors affecting it of local olive cultivar, Doaibli, in Tartous Governorate
The research was carried out in the 2022 and 2023 seasons in the village of Dahr Diba, in the Tartous Governorate in Syria, with the aim of studying the phenomenon of alternate bearing and the effect of some factors on the characteristics of flowering and fruiting of the local olive cultivar Doaibli. A factorial experiment was designed consisting of three factors: season (2022 and 2023), tree age (10 and 20 years), and harvest date (early and late). The results showed that Doaibli cultivar suffers from the phenomenon of alternate bearing, which causes large differences in productivity between seasons. It has been shown that the number of flowers per inflorescence is a cultivar dependent, and is not affected by the season, date of harvest, or the age of the trees. Also, alternate bearing affects the percentage of flowers with aborted ovaries, which increases with the increase in flowering load. It has been shown that the weight and size of the fruit increases in the year of lower fruiting compared to the year of heavy fruiting, and this applies to the weight of the kernel and pulp. The age of trees affects productivity and fruit weight. It also affects the percentage of flowers with aborted ovaries. It has also been shown that the date of harvest affects productivity. When fruits are harvested early, their productivity increases in the following year, and thus the severity of the alternate bearing decreases. We recommend harvesting the fruits of the Doaibali cultivar at the appropriate time, not delaying the harvest, and following various methods that limit the phenomenon of alternate bearing.
Effect of Several physicochemical treatments on seed apricot germination cultivar "Kalabi"
The research was conducted in Tishreen university nursery, and Agriculture Engineering Faculty, to study the effect both priming and soaking with gibberellic acid solution, to remove apricot seed dormancy. The results showed that seed soaking with GA3 (500ppm) for 24 hours, followed by stratification for 90 days, gave significant higher germination rate (91.67%), followed by 90 days stratification (83.33%), while the control showed a lower germination rate (8.33%). Statistical analysis showed that stratification for 90 days and soaking with GA3 (500 ppm) for 24 hours, were significantly better compared to the other treatments. The germination speed of seeds stratified for 120 days before and after soaking with 500ppm GA3 solution for 24 hours was 7.59 – 7.32 – 8.56 and 7.54 days/seed, while control seed germination was slower (140.69 days/seed).
Studying the effect of potassium fertilization and spraying with amino acids on the growth and productivity of tobacco plants (Virginia variety)
The experiment was implemented at the Stakhris Agricultural Research Station in Lattakia during the 2021 agricultural season, according to a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates for each treatment. The research aimed to study the effect of potassium fertilization and spraying with amino acids on the growth and productivity of the tobacco plant, the Virginia tobacco variety (Nicotiana tabacum var. Virginie vk51), where some morphological characteristics of the plant were studied (plant height (cm) and total leaf surface area (m2). /plant), and the content of air-dried tobacco leaves of some biochemical compounds (total protein, soluble sugars, and nicotine (%)).Using the second level of amino acids and also the second level of potassium fertilization (IK2A1) gave the best results, as this treatment was significantly superior to the rest of the treatments, as the value of plant height in this treatment reached (226 cm), which was reflected positively on The total leaf surface area of ​​the plant is (3.52 m²/plant). The qualitative characteristics of the dry tobacco leaf also improved, as the percentage of total protein and nicotine decreased and the percentage of total soluble sugars increased. Based on the above, it can be suggested to use the drip irrigation method with increasing the level of potassium fertilization due to the role it plays in Virginia tobacco, in addition to spraying with amino acids, due to their tangible role in stimulating growth in the Virginia variety and improving the quality of the resulting tobacco.
Study of the basic chemical composition and some biological compounds of the flowers of Cercis siliquastrum L.
In this research, the chemical components of the flowers of the Syrian Zamzariqa plant were studied, which were collected from the areas of Salnfa and Kasab in the countryside of Lattakia city. The moisture content in the flowers was estimated and was 1.1 ± 71.45%, and the remaining components were estimated. The protein content was 0.25 ± 5.2%, the lipids 0.76 ± 1.17%, the fibers 0.33 ± 12.32%, the ash content 0.1 ± 2.3%, the total soluble sugars 0.21 ± 4.47%, and the reducing sugars 0.12 ± 2.97%. The total polyphenols in the aqueous extract of the dry flowers were estimated on the basis of mg of gallic acid and were 0.02 ± 35.7%. As for the antioxidant capacity, it was 0.13 ± 79.81 according to the DPPH Di Phenyl Picryl Hdrazyl method. The essential oil of the flowers was extracted and its components were studied using gas chromatography GC-MS.
Determination the fossils content and some physical and chemical characteristics of Bab – Janah clay formation North west Syria
This study led to determine the source rocks characteristics of Bab Jana Formation North – West Syria. This study showed that the relationship between soil characteristics and source rocks have a vast impact on source rocks characteristics. Three locations have been chosen (Depth 0 – 30 cm); Khrbet – Alsindian, Al-Qadmous, And Wadi - Alion. Sedimentological and paleontological studies were done at the laboratories of geology department, Faculty of Sciences – Tishreen University. Some physical and chemical analyzes were also conducted on these samples , the most important of which are: (pH, EC, Total organic matter, Total CaCO3, and soil mechanical composition) in the Department of Soil and Water Sciences – Faculty of Agricultural Engineering – Tishreen University. The source rocks of these soil are composed of olive green fine – grain clay and marble, which are rich of products of the corruption of the basalt castings that lie above them, rich in residues of microorganisms, mainly foraminifera. Physical and chemical analysis showed that these soils were formed from calcite rocks heavy in texture) clay (, with a high pH level.
Copyright (c) 2024 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Assessment of the Potential Introduction of Mangrove Trees into the Syrian Beach, as an Adaptive Measure to Climate Changes
This research aimed to assess the possibility of introducing mangrove species as an adaptive measure to the expected changes in the climate of the Syrian coast. The work was implemented during most of the year 2024, based on field visits to different areas of the entire Syrian coast and conducting a scientific description of the current status. This is in addition to reviewing the available scientific studies, discuss them and support them with evidence and proofs, based on a number of approved climate scenarios on the current state of the coastal region's climate in the governorates of Lattakia and Tartous. It is concluded that it is possible to introduce mangrove trees beginning from now on to address cases of deterioration by introducing the black mangrove species (A. germinans) or the gray mangrove (Avicennia marina) on the Syrian beaches. A number of suitable sites were explored for this purpose, starting from low-lying areas, passing through river mouths and ending with flat sandy beaches. The services provided by mangrove forests to the Syrian coastal ecosystem and communities (supply, organization, supporting and cultural services) were also presented. The environmental impacts of the introduction process and the potential impact of future climate change on these mangrove forests are indicated.
The effect of high temperatures on the survival rate of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) under laboratory conditions.
This research was conducted in the plant quarantine laboratory in the port of Latakia to study the effect of high temperatures on the survival rate of the red flour beetle T.castaneum under laboratory conditions Due to the high rate of beetle infestation among agricultural consignments imported and exported through the port of Latakia, the same applies to food stores as well. The results showed that the survival rate recorded its highest value at a temperature of 40°C and an exposure period of 15 minutes, amounting to 0.98. ±0.141, while 0.82±0.386 was recorded at an exposure period of 120 minutes at the same temperature. While a value of 0.78±0.416 was recorded at a temperature of 45°C and an exposure period of 15 minutes, and a value of 0.68±0.469 was recorded at a temperature of 120 minutes at the same temperature. At a temperature of 50°C, the survival rate recorded a value of 0.74±0.441 with an exposure period of 15 minutes, which decreased to 0.50±0.503 with an exposure period of 120 minutes, while the survival rate recorded a value of 0.30±0.461 at a temperature of 55°C and an exposure duration of 15 minutes, recording a value of 0 with an exposure duration of 120 minutes. 120 minutes at 60°C for different exposure times.
Assessment of the coastal and marine ecological systems present in the area extending from the fishing port (Al-Yogoslafia) to Burj Islam: Latakia - Syria on the Syrian coast
The Syrian coastal region is considered as a rich zone in both natural and human resources; it contains a wide diversity of ecological and social systems with different natural, cultural and economic values, in addition to the services that these systems provide to the local community and their importance in its sustainability and well-being. This study was conducted from 01/04/2024 to 01/07/2024, on the area that extends from the fishing and touristic port (Al-Yogoslafia) to Burj Islam area. This area experiences rich biodiversity (in terms of species and ecosystems). It also includes a number of diverse terrestrial ecosystems, whether in terms of plant or animal diversity. In addition, the study area contains the Marine Protected Area of Ibn Hani and the archaeological site of ​​Ugarit.. This region suffers from many pressures, because of a number of factors such as pollution from multiple sources, as well as the impact of climate change. This study carried out an assessment of the existing ecological, social and cultural heritage systems in the region based on the results of the DPSIR approach.
The effect of treatment with orange and banana peel extract on the growth and production of tomato plants in protected agriculture
The research was carried out in the village of Karto – Baniyas – Tartous region in the autumn season of 2022 within a plastic house dimensions of 42 * 8 * 3 m2 covered with polyethylene plastic with a thickness of 200 microns, with the aim of studying the effect of orange and banana peel extract on the growth and production of protected tomato plants grown in greenhouse. The experiment included treating Dana tomato hybrid plants with orange and banana peel extract at concentrations of 2 and 4 ml/l by foliar spraying or adding by irrigation separately. In addition to the control treatment, to study the indicators of vegetative and fruit growth and productivity, which were represented by plant length, leaf surface area, total chlorophyll amount in leaves, and production of the experimental plants. The experiment was designed according to a completely randomized block design. The total number of treatments was (9) treatments, each with three replicates and each replicate containing 6 plants. The total number of replicates was 27 replicates, and the total number of plants was 162 plants, planted in cork containers with a capacity of 28 liters, and good soil was used and properties of medium consistency after sterilizing it in the sun. The results showed that the spray treatment with banana peel extract at two concentrations of 2 and 4 ml/L was superior in average plant height, leaf surface area, total chlorophyll content, and fruit weight to the spray treatment with orange peel extract, with significant differences. The highest increase was in the average plant height, leaf surface area, chlorophyll, and fruit weight in the spray treatment with banana peel extract at the second concentration of 4 ml/l, the average plant height reached 2.24 m/plant, leaf surface area was 13200 cm2/plant, the total chlorophyll content was 1.233 mg/g, and fruit weight was 5.5 kg/plant, with an increase rate of (38.27, 23.13, 55.59 and 33.81) %, respectively, compared to the untreated control. The results showed the effectiveness of irrigation and spraying with orange and banana peel extract at concentrations of 2 and 4 ml/l, and with two treatment methods (spraying, irrigation) in stimulating vegetative and fruit growth and increasing productivity in protected tomato plants through an increase in the average plant height, leaf surface area, total chlorophyll content, and fruit weight in the treatments. The whole experiment had significant differences compared to the control.
The role of agricultural marketing in improving the marketing efficiency and effectiveness of citrus crops in Lattakia Governorate (Field study)
The study aimed to determine the role of the elements of the agricultural marketing mix (Citrus products, citrus pricing, citrus distribution, citrus promotion) in the marketing efficiency and effectiveness of citrus crops in Lattakia, and to determine the level of marketing efficiency and effectiveness of citrus crops in Lattakia Governorate. The researcher relied on the deductive approach, and relied on the descriptive method to describe the research variables and analyze them based on the primary data that were collected, as the researcher conducted a field study on citrus farmers in Lattakia Governorate to collect the necessary primary data, and the variables were measured on all the primary data that were collected through a questionnaire that was designed by the researcher's review of previous studies and literature, and in order to test the hypotheses, the researcher unloaded the primary data into a database that was analyzed using the SPSS program, version //20. The study reached a number of results, including: The correlation coefficient between agricultural marketing and marketing efficiency and effectiveness of citrus crops was 0.418, which indicates a weak correlation between agricultural marketing and marketing efficiency and effectiveness of citrus crops, which was confirmed by the sub-hypotheses. The results of the study indicate that agricultural marketing of citrus fruits is very important for him and for the farmer; as agricultural marketing plays a major role in the efficiency and effectiveness of citrus marketing. The results of the study also indicate that the citrus product, citrus pricing, citrus distribution, and citrus promotion affect the efficiency and effectiveness of citrus marketing, which was evident in the context of the study.
Evaluating the efficiency of agricultural land reclamation, and its impact on productivity Tobacco crop in Lattakia- Jableh
The aim of this research is to study and analyze the production costs of local tobacco in Jableh, and to evaluate the efficiency of using reclaimed lands, by studying the economic efficiency of the tobacco crop in the study area, as it is one of the most important crops grown in reclaimed lands, relying in determining the cost of materials and wages on prevailing market prices in 2019.The research sample included 346 farmers in the twelve villages in Jableh. The results of the analysis of the efficiency of land reclamation showed an increase in returns and profitability for farmers, and an improvement in the economic situation of the productive areas, as the net farm income per dunum planted with tobacco before the reclamation operations amounted to 89950, and after reclamation operations amounted to379950 SYP. The profitability factor based on capital before reclamation operations reached 20.7%, after reclamation operations 72.7%, and based on production costs before reclamation operations 24.8%, and after reclamation operations123.1%. As for the capital recovery time indicator, it was 4.8 years before reclamation operations, 0.9 years after reclamation operations, and the overall economic efficiency index per dunum before reclamation was 1.2, and after reclamation was 1.71.
Study of the antibacterial activity of ginger extract in comparison with the antibiotics gentamicin, azithromycin and doxycycline on Escherichia coli isolated from broilers in Tartous
Escherichia coli causes significant economic losses in broiler farms due to high mortality rates, low feed conversion efficiency, and delayed growth. This risk increases with the random use of antibiotics in its treatment, in addition to the emergence of resistance to these antibiotics, which may reach humans. Accordingly, this research was conducted with the aim of isolating and confirming Escherichia coli infection in some broiler farms in Tartous Governorate and studying the effectiveness of some antibiotics used in its treatment and comparing them with ginger extracts, thus finding natural alternatives to commercial antibiotics and reducing their effects. Samples were collected during the period from 13/11/2022 to 22/11/2023 from different areas: (Amrit, Beit Al-Khatib, Jaditi, Matrouh, Qamsiyeh, Khirbet Al-Maazah, Marqia, Zahwiya, Safliyeh, Al-Hamidiyah, Saya). Symptoms were recorded, pathological dissection was performed, samples were cultured in nutrient broth and incubated at (37) C, then cultured on specific media to diagnose the presence of Escherichia coli bacteria. Sensitivity tests were conducted for three antibiotics, namely azithromycin, gentamicin and doxycycline, and compared with alcoholic and aqueous ginger extracts. The results indicate that the alcoholic ginger extract is superior to the rest of the studied antibiotics with high statistical significance and an average inhibition diameter of (11.84), followed by aqueous ginger with an average inhibition diameter of (10.47), azithromycin with an average inhibition diameter of (10.47), followed by gentamicin with an average inhibition diameter of (10.42), then the antibiotic doxycycline with an average inhibition diameter of (9.80). Thus, the extract shows encouraging efficacy that may qualify it as a natural alternative to antibiotics. Keywords: Escherichia coli, chicken, antibiotic sensitivity, ginger.
The effect of location and indole butyric acid (IBA) on rooting stem cuttings of Dog rose (Rosa canina)
The experiment was carried out in the Tishreen agricultural nursery of the Directorate of Agriculture in Latakia (Bouqa) within a special greenhouse. cuttings from the wild Dog roses spread in two locations in Jableh rural, Latakia, Syria: Bsheli and Helbako. Cuttings was treated with three Concentrations of indole butyric acid: 0, 1000 and 5000 ppm. The experiment was designed as a factorial experiment with two factors: location and hormone concentration. The results showed that the rooting ability of semi-hardwood cuttings varies depending on the location and hormone concentration. It was shown that the cuttings taken from Bsheli was superior to the Helbako location. The best hormone concentration to obtain the highest rooting rate and the best survival rate was 1000 ppm of indole butyric acid. It was found that there was a significant interaction between location and hormone concentration in its effect on the percentage of rooting, root length and number, and survival rate. We recommend using indole butyric acid at a concentration of 1000 ppm for rooting steem cuttings of Dog rose.
Study Of some biological aspects of Rotifera Brachionus calyciflorus (Pallas,1799) from AL- Sinn's fish ponds
calyciflorus was collected from AL- Sinn's fish ponds and cultured under control laboratory conditions of temperature (25 ± 1°C) ,ph (7.5-8) and fed on green algae (Chlorella) at a density of 1.5 * 106 cells/ml, the aim was studying some biological aspects, life tables showed that the average of each Lifespan was (112.52±20.38 h), amectic females produced 16.67± 4.32eggs, period of embryonic development was (10.08±2.78 h), Juvenile period (14.85±2.20 h), and the average fecundity reached during its Lifespan to 14.67 ±4 eggs. As for morphological characteristics, the average length and width of individuals ranged between 265±20 μm 150±20 μm respectively. As for newly hatched individuals, the average length and width ranged from 170 ±10 μm 90 ± 8 μm respectively, length and width of newly hatched males ranged between 35±3 μm / 120±5, respectively, while the length and width of the egg-sac were 155±5 μm and 116±5 μm, respectively.
Preparation of Nitrogen Slow Release fertilizer by the inclusion of commercial Urea with Syrian Zeolite Ore and testing it agronomically
A slow release fertilizer (SRF) prepared by the inclusion of conventional commercial urea with zeolite ore, and the use of maize starch as adhesive, the components ratio were 5:1:1 for zeolite: urea: starch. The prepared SRF tested agriculturally by Tritical crop )Triticosecale wittmack (grown in pot experiment in greenhouse at Tishreen university. Five rates of Nitrogen were applied in addition to Control with no added N-fertilizer, these rate were 100, 200, 300, 400, 600 kg N/Ha, tow sources of Nitrogen fertilizer were used: commercial urea and the prepared SRF. Three cuts were carried out on the growing triticale plant, and dry weight was recorded. Nitrogen concentration and uptake from plant measured during growing period. Nitrogen use efficiency was determined by the calculation of Apparent Recovery Efficiency ARE%. The main achieved results: SRF produce more dry matter weight compared to urea when low rates of nitrogen were applied (200-300 kg N/Ha), with un increase percentage of 9 and 16% respectively compared to commercial urea. When high rate of fertilizers were applied (400- 600 kg N/Ha), urea treatment produced more dry matter yield compared to SRF in first cut, whereas this difference disappeared in the second cut. In third cut SRF dry matter yield production exceed that produced by urea when 400 and 600 kgN/Ha were applied, with an increase of 49 and 28%respectively. There was an apparent increase in Nitrogen concentration and uptake from shoots when SRF was applied. SRF realized more Nitrogen use efficiency compared to commercial urea.
" The impact of the war on Syria on the level of economic and social empowerment of rural women in the Haffa region"
The research aimed to identify the social and economic effects of the war on Syria on rural women in the Haffa region, and to analyze the challenges and difficulties facing rural women in the Haffa region as a result of the war and its impact on their empowerment. To achieve the research objectives, a random sample of 384 rural women in the Haffa region was taken, and the necessary data for the research was collected by designing a questionnaire designed for this purpose according to the personal interview method with sample members. The research adopted the descriptive analytical approach to analyze and describe the sample members' answers to the questionnaire questions using frequency tables and percentages. The quantitative approach was also used to test the research hypotheses using appropriate tests such as the Likert scale, analysis of variance (ANOVA) using the statistical program SPSS.25. The results of the analysis of the economic and social effects of the war on Syria indicated the existence of many challenges facing the empowerment of rural women in the research area. On the economic level, the deterioration of the standard of living and the economy led many young people to emigrate and work in order to support their families, which placed the greatest burden on women who were forced to bear additional responsibilities to manage their families' affairs. On the social level, many services were negatively affected by the war, such as the decline in health services, frequent interruptions of drinking water, and electricity rationing. These challenges directly affected the lives of rural women and their ability to fulfill their family responsibilities. The results of the research hypothesis testing also indicated that there was a statistically significant effect of the war on the level of economic and social empowerment of rural women in the Haffa area at a significance level of 0.05, which confirmed the sensitivity and weakness of rural women's economic and social empowerment to changes and crises.
Effect of Different Concentrations of the Lichen Evernia prunastri on Percentage and Severity of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus on Tomato Fruits and in Some Growth Indicators of Tomato Plant in Protected Agriculture
This research was carried out at Tishreen University, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, Department of Plant Protection, and field experiments were conducted in an unheated greenhouse, and for the agricultural season 2022-2023 in the village of Harisoun, which is located in the far north of Tartous Governorate on the administrative border with Latakia Governorate, which is about 7 km from the city of Banias, and whose height above sea level does not exceed 7-10 m, to evaluate the effectiveness of Evernia prunastri extractsIn reducing the infection of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus on tomato by estimating the percentage and severity of infection with the virus, and estimating some growth parameters, by watering seedlings with lichen extract in different concentrations 100 - 75 - 50 - 25 mg / ml, the results showed After 30 and 60 days of causing infection with brown wrinkle virus on tomatoes, a decrease in the incidence and severity of infection in plants infected with the virus and plants treated with lichen extract concentration of 100% compared to control plants infected with the virus and not treated with lichen extract, where the rate of decrease in the incidence and severity of infection reached 24% and 34.67% respectively for the first appointment (30 days), and reached 34.67% and 73.33% respectively for the second appointment (60 days), with significant differences between the treatments. The biometric measurements of the vegetative total also showed significant differences between all the treatments and all the studied indicators (length, width and area of the paper, and the area of the paper surface and its index), the treatment of lichen exceeded the concentration of 75 and 100% on the control treatment and for all previous indicators, so that the highest average of the paper flat index was recorded in the healthy witness which is 6.45 and the lowest in the control infected with the virus which is 2.45 ,while the lichen coefficients at concentrations of 75% and 100% recorded the best paper flat evidence compared to other transactions without significant differences between them
تقييم اولي لعدة طرز وراثية من الذرة الصفراء من حيث تحملها للملوحة خلال مرحلتي الانبات ونمو البادرات
سلوكية بعض اصناف فول الصويا في وادي الفرات تحت تأثير تقنيات زراعيتة مختلفة