Latakia University (formerly Tishreen) Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Biological Sciences Series
Distribution of Moina Species (Crustacea: Cladocera: Moinidae) in Freshwater Habitats of Latakia Governorate, and Study of the Morphological Structure of Trunk Appendages in Moina micrura
This study aimed to document the distribution of species belonging to the genus Moina (Crustacea: Cladocera) in freshwater habitats- rivers, reservoirs, and streams-within Latakia, Syria, as a contribution to the aquatic biodiversity and the determination of species abundance in Syrian freshwaters. These organisms represent essential component of freshwater ecosystems and an important part of natural diet of fish. Samples were collected from September 2024 to September 2025 at varying times from four sites in Latakia Governorate, with a sampling frequency of once per month, using a plankton net with a mesh size of 200 µm. The study documented the presence of three species of the genus Moina: Moina micrura, Moina brachiata, and Moina macrocopa. The species Moina micrura was found to be the most widespread and abundant in the studied areas compared to the other species. the anatomical structure of Moina micrura was examined, with particular attention to the thoracic appendages, in order to elucidate the mechanism of filter feeding. To clarify the geographical distribution of Moina species, most of the studies conducted in Syria and worldwide were incorporated.
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First Record of Baetis monnerati Nymphs (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae) in Some Running Water Habitats North of Latakia Governorate
This study described the nymphal stage of a new species of Ephemeroptera (mayflies) belonging to the family Baetidae in several flowing water habitats in the northern part of Latakia, Syria (Zaghrin River, Sarsakieh River, site of both rivers meeting, Arab River), the studied species was recorded in two sites (Zaghrin River and Sarsakieh River). Samples were collected from May to September 2025 at a rate of twice per month for each, using specialized nets. Temperature, dissolved oxygen concentration, and biochemical oxygen demand were measured at each station periodically. The samples were examined in the laboratory in detail, and the species Baetis monnerati was identified based on internationally recognized morphological and anatomical taxonomic criteria, A detailed description of morphological characteristics was provided. The study confirmed the ecological significance of the species, as it is an important bioindicator of pollution and its presence in the flowing waters of northern Latakia highlights the importance of the Syrian coast as a habitat for sensitive species, Which call for further taxonomic and environmental studies to document biodiversity and support environmental monitoring efforts using bioindicators.
Assessment of Selected Physicochemical Properties of Post-Fire Forest Soils in Various Sites of Al-Qardaha District, Lattakia
This study aimed to assess certain physical and chemical changes in soils resulting from the 2020 forest fires in the Qalaat Al-Mahalba and Areeza regions of Lattakia Governorate, Syria. Soil samples were collected from two depths (0-20 cm and 20-40 cm) in both burned sites and adjacent unburned (control) sites. The results in 2023 showed a statistically significant effect of fire on most of the studied properties. The fires led to a significant increase in sand content (50.00% in burned soil versus 38.50% in unburned soil). A sharp decrease in organic matter content was observed (3.03% versus 5.83%), and the concentration of available phosphorus also decreased (7.29 mg/kg versus 12.75 mg/kg). In contrast, the concentrations of nitrogen (15.88 mg/kg versus 13.50 mg/kg) and potassium (130.25 mg/kg versus 78.00 mg/kg) increased significantly. The mean electrical conductivity value in burned soil reached 1.3650 dS/m, compared to 0.425 dS/m in unburned soil. However, no statistically significant change in soil pH was observed between the burned and unburned areas. These findings indicate that forest fires induce profound alterations in the physical and chemical properties of soil, highlighting the critical importance of developing effective post-fire land management and soil restoration strategies.
Effect of Foliar Spraying With Zink, Boron and Seaweed Extract on Some Production and Quality Indicators of Pepper (Capsicum annum L.) Fruits
A study was conducted in the village of Ain Al-Sharqiyah, Jableh city, in an open agricultural field during the spring season of the 2024. The research aimed to study the response of pepper plants (Capsicum annum L.), variety "Qarn al-Ghazal," to foliar spraying with zinc, boron, and seaweed extract on the yield and qualitative characteristics of the pepper fruits.The experiment included five treatments: (T1 Control, sprayed with tap water only; T2 Zinc at 1 g/L; T3 Boron at 1 g/L; T4 Zinc and Boron together at 0.5 g/L each; T5 Seaweed Extract at 1 g/L),with four replications for each. The experiment was designed using a Complete Randomized Blocks design. The results were statistically analyzed using the GenStat 15, and the variance between the means of the different treatments was determined by calculating the Least Significant Difference (L.S.D.) at a 5% significance level. The plants were sprayed three times with a two-week interval between each spray.The results showed a significant superiority of the foliar spray treatment with seaweed extract in the studied traits over the other treatments, recording (16.92 cm for fruit length, 1.95 cm for fruit diameter, 36.73 g for fruit weight, 9.45% for dry matter percentage, and 145.3 mg/100g for vitamin C content).Meanwhile, the zinc spray treatment outperformed the other treatments in yield per plant (894.6 g) and yield per unit area (4.57 kg/m²).
Effect of heat treatment and storage on the bioactive compounds and sensory properties of canned peas
This study evaluated the impact of pre-treatments (citric and ascorbic acids, pea pod aqueous extract, and ohmic sterilization) on the quality of canned green peas during 12‑month ambient storage. Six treatments were prepared: conventional control (T1), acids (T2), acids+extract (T3), ohmic sterilization (T4), ohmic+acids (T5), and ohmic+acids+extract (T6). Total phenolics (TPC, Folin–Ciocalteu), DPPH radical-scavenging activity, total spore-formers, and hedonic sensory attributes were monitored at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. TPC decreased in all treatments; however T6 retained the highest level (273.0±4.1 to 235.5±3.5 mg GAE/100 g dry matter) compared with T1 (182.0±2.7 to 138.7±2.1). DPPH inhibition declined from 58.1% to 48.1% in T6, while T1 dropped from 41.7% to 29.3%. Spore bacteria-former counts remained below detection throughout storage. Ohmic heating-based treatments better preserved color, aroma, taste and texture, with T6 showing the best acceptability after 12 months (e.g., texture 4.05±0.12 vs 3.30±0.15 for T1). The combined hurdle (ohmic + acids + pea pod extract) is recommended to enhance functional quality and sensory stability of canned peas.
Evaluation of the antifungal efficacy of ethyl acetate extracts of Alternaria citri against the white-rot wood decaying fungi Schizophyllum commune and Ganoderma applanatum in some coastal regions of Syria
This study evaluated the antifungal activity of ethyl acetate extracts obtained from the fungus Alternaria citri against two basidiomycete fungi, Schizophyllum commune and Ganoderma applanatum, which are responsible for white rot disease in wood. Extracts derived separately from both the culture filtrate and the fungal biomass of the imperfect fungus were used in the assays. The results demonstrated that the tested extracts exhibited inhibitory activity against the two studied basidiomycete fungi. This activity varied according to the kind and concentration of the extract, as well as the fungal species treated. At a concentration of 50 mg/mL, both the culture filtrate extract and the biomass extract of the tested fungus caused complete inhibition (100%) of mycelial growth of the two basidiomycete fungi. Furthermore, the biomass extract showed higher inhibitory efficacy than the culture filtrate extract at concentrations of 30 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL against S. commune, with inhibition percentages of 64.70% and 23.52%, respectively. In contrast, the inhibition percentages against G. applanatum at the same concentrations were 35.29% and 17.64%, respectively. At a concentration of 10 mg/mL, neither the culture filtrate extract nor the biomass extract of A. citri exhibited any inhibitory activity against the two basidiomycete fungi under study. These results highlight the potential use of Alternaria citri extracts as a promising biological source for controlling wood-decay fungi under laboratory conditions.
Impact of Slow Freezing on Nutritional Value and Antioxidant Properties in Selected Vegetables and Fruits: A Comparative Study on Peas, Corn, and Figs.
The results of this study reveal the effect of slow freezing on the micronutrients related to the nutritional value of peas, corn, and figs, showing a clear variation between the loss and increase in the levels of these compounds, with statistically significant differences observed among the samples. Regarding Vitamin C, the highest non-significant loss was recorded in peas, while corn showed a significant decrease of 6%, and figs exhibited the least loss, with only a 3% reduction. In contrast, the content of Vitamin A increased in the frozen samples, doubling in peas, increasing by 2.4 times in corn, and 3.5 times in figs. The antioxidant activity (DPPH) also increased by 4.4% in peas, 6% in corn, and 11% in figs, reflecting the efficiency of figs in preserving phenolic compounds due to their richness in sugars and natural antioxidants. As for starch, it decreased by 10% in peas and 8.1% in corn, while no significant change was observed in figs. Similarly, the total amino acids decreased by 15% in peas and 9.4% in corn, due to the leakage of soluble components from damaged cells. In terms of food safety, the levels of nitrates and nitrites remained stable, with no nitrites detected (less than 1 mg/kg) in all samples, confirming the absence of microbial contamination in the product.
An Analytical Assessment of Sustainability and Community Participation in the Qatr Al-Raihan Village Development Project, Al-Ghab Region- Hama Governorate- Syria
This study aims to analyze the factors constraining the sustainability of rural development projects through a case study of the development project implemented in Qatr Al-Raihan village, Al-Ghab region, Hama Governorate, during the period (2022-2023). The research adopts a descriptive-analytical approach, utilizing a questionnaire as the primary data collection tool administered to a comprehensive sample comprising all beneficiary families of the project (N = 36). The findings reveal that while all beneficiary families received government support, only 22.2% reported that the support was adequate. Community participation was largely formalistic, confined to the implementation phase with no involvement in planning. Furthermore, lack of technical training emerged as the most prominent challenge, cited by 50% of respondents. The composite index of project performance, constructed according to OECD methodology, registered 32.7%, indicating a low overall performance level that reflects significant developmental deficiency. Independent samples t-test results confirmed a statistically significant effect for both funding adequacy (p = 0.015, with a large effect size d = 0.87) and training adequacy (p = 0.043, d = 0.72) on project sustainability. Conversely, the effect of knowledge of government programs did not reach statistical significance (p = 0.135). The study provides a comprehensive quantitative framework for measuring development performance and offers practical recommendations aimed at transforming development interventions from temporary measures into sustainable mechanisms.
An evaluation study of some cultivars of prickly pear Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill. distributed in northern Latakia.
This study characterized the morphological and chemical traits and to assess the extent of variation among a few cultivars of (Opuntia ficus-indica) collected from different regions of Latakia and subsequently cultivated at the Agricultural Research Station in Kassab during the period 2017–2021. The main objective was to identify cultivars with superior qualitative traits for future genetic improvement programs and to promote their cultivation. A total of 20 morphological traits were evaluated, and the results confirmed the potential to discriminate among the studied cultivars based on specific characteristics, particularly cladode size, fruit attributes, and yield potential. Cluster analysis of fruit-related traits revealed the highest differentiation (35%). Furthermore, chemical analysis demonstrated that the purple cultivar (C3) exhibited the highest fruit vitamin C content (28.33 mg/100 g fresh weight) and showed greater frost tolerance (based on the internationally recognized standard descriptor scale (FAO), through visual assessment of forst-induced damage on both young and mature cladodes), compared with cultivars C1 and C2. Overall, the findings highlight the presence of distinct morphological and chemical differences among the studied cultivars, underscoring their potential as valuable resources for breeding and genetic improvement programs in the future.
Effect of vine load of winter eyes and removal of first fruit batch on the productivity and quality of the second fruits batch of the local grape (Sabiei variety)
This research was conducted between 2020 and 2023 at the Agricultural Scientific Research Center - General Commission of Agricultural Scientific Research in Lattakia. It aims at studying the effect of tree load of winter buds and the removal of the first batch of fruits on the productive, physical and chemical characteristics of the second batch of local grape fruits (Sabiei variety) by conducting a factorial experiment with two factors: removal factor (zero removal & removal), and load factor (number of winter eyes on the tree (24, 36, 48). The results showed improved productivity by removing the first batch of fruits. However, the productivity reached 11.055 kg/tree, versus 6.621 kg/tree without removal, Otherwise, the productivity reached 15.87 kg /tree by 48 winter buds and removal the first batch of fruits. The above factors also had a positive effect on the physical and chemical properties of fruits with improved quality.
Estimation of Biomass and Competition Index in Pinus brutia Ten. Forests in Al-Qardaha Region _ Latakia Governorate
This study aimed to estimate the biomass and the effect of competition among trees in the Pinus brutia forests in the Al-Qardaha Region. Fieldwork was conducted across eight locations distributed throughout the Al_ Qardaha region, where forestry measurements were taken from 36 circular sample plots, each with an area of 400 m2, during the autumn of 2023. The diameter at breast height (1.3 m) and total height were measured for all trees in the sample plots. Additionally, the number of trees in each sample was counted, and the largest trees in the site were sampled to estimate the age. Biomass was calculated based on the diameter at breast height, and the Crown Competition Factor (CCF) index was calculated to estimate the impact of competition in the studied sites. The results of the study showed that the ages of the trees ranged between 42 and 56 years, while the average values for diameter at breast height ranged between 13 cm and 32.6 cm. Biomass values ranged between 873 ton\ hectare in the Qalila area and 100 tons\ hectare in the Dabbash area. The results indicated the presence of competition in only one site, where the CCF value reached 113.5%, while no great impact of competition was observed in the rest of the sites, where the index value was less than 100%.
Estimation of Genotype x Environment Interactions and Yield Stability Analysis of Bread Wheat Genotypes Using AMMI Biplot Method under Syrian Coastal Conditions
Additive main effects and multiplicative interactions (AMMI) model was performed to assess genotype x environment interactions and yield stability for 11 bread wheat genotypes in 3 various locations in Syria, the experiment was designed using randomized complete block design (R.C.B.D) with three replications in the three locations, the data were statistically analysis using AMMISOFTS program, the results of the pooled analysis showed that there were significant differences between genotypes (G), the tested locations (L), and the interaction between them (GxL), this indicates the necessity of evaluating and testing genotypes in many different locations. The results of AMMI Biplot analysis illustrated the superiority genotypes were the promising line ACSAD1147 and Douma6 variety in terms of grain yield average and stability performance, and the variety Gollan2 showed specific adaptation and suitability to the Darmini location, and Douma4 to Al-Sinn location. The results also showed that the Darmini location was the best location. AMMI Stability Values and Genotype Selection Index showed that the best-studied genotypes are the promising line ACSAD1147 and Douma6 variety, consistent with the results of AMMI analysis, and they represent the ideal genotype desired by plant breeders. This study showed the importance and effectiveness of the graphical stability analysis methods ''AMMI Biplot'' in achieving simultaneous selection for both superior performance and high stability, in addition to identify the ideal location.
Using Simplex Centroid Mixture Design to Study the Effect of Chia Seeds, Sesame Seeds, and Flaxseed Powders on the Production of Saj Bread.
Individuals are showing increasing interest in adopting a healthy lifestyle, which is consequently reflected in their desire to obtain food that is rich in fiber and antioxidants. This research aimed to study the effect of using powders from seeds (chia CS, sesame SS, and flaxseed FS) on the sensory acceptance of Saj bread produced using wheat flour and a mixture of this ingredients in the ratio of 95:5. A Simplex Centroid Mixture Design was employed to assess the degree of sensory acceptance, followed by rheological tests on the dough and chemical analysis of the resulting bread. The optimal values for the seed powders in the flour mixture used for producing Saj bread, were found to be 1.146% CS, 3.091% SS, and 0.762% FS. According to this mixture, the theoretical sensory scores were as follows: color 8.03, aroma 8.38, texture 8.07, taste 8.18, and overall acceptance 8.21. In contrast, the experimental scores were: color 8.00, aroma 8.30, texture 8.10, taste 8.20, and overall acceptance 8.20. When determining the rheological properties of the dough based on these ratios, an improvement in most Mixolab values was observed compared to the control sample. Additionally, an increase in protein, lipid, phenolic content, and antioxidant capacity was noted in the produced bread.
Description of a new species of skin-parasitic monogeneans Neobendenia melleni on migratory fish Siganus revilatus in Syrian marine water
One parasite species Neobendenia melleni, belonging to (Monogenea: Caspiladaedae). has been identified. It was first isolated from these parasites on the migratory Siganus revilatus fish from Syrian marine waters. This Study was performed to detect the occurrence of ectoparasites on Siganus revilatus. Describe the morphological knowledge of the parasites that will be isolated by classifying them and determining their prevalence and intensity. Fish samples were collected from the Port of Fishing and Picnic area between January and December 2023. The Total number of individuals caught was 98 fish of Siganus revilatus . The skin, fins, nostrils, gills, eyes, oral and gill cavities of all caught individuals were examined. The infections with this parasite were recorded during June, July and August, with prevalence of (25%, 25%,20%) for each month and intensity of (1.3, 1.5, 2 parasites/ fish) respectively, while the infection rate in September was (20%) and the intensity was (2 parasites/ fish), while no infections were recorded during the rest of the year, as temperature accelerate growth.
Effectiveness of tetrodotoxin extracted from the Puffer fish -Lagocephalus suezensis- against some bacteria causing skin ulcers
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of tetrodotoxin (TTX) extract derived from the toxic oragans of the pufferfish -Lagocephalus suezensis- against bacteria causing skin ulcers in humans, a common clinical condition often complicated by bacterial infections that delay healing. Key causative agents include -Staphylococcus aureus- and -Pseudomonas aeruginosa-. Fish samples were collected, and the toxin was extracted from the liver gonads, skin, and muscles using a chemical extraction method. The efficacy to the extract was then tested against the bacterial isolates using the disk diffusion method at varios concentrations. The results showed a clear inhibitory effect of the extract against all tested bacterial strains. The highest susceptibility was observed in -Staphylococcus aureus-, with a mean inhibition zone diameter of 3.2 cm at a concentration of 1 µg/ml, followed by -Pseudomonas aeruginosa-. This indicates the potential of tetrodotoxin as a promising natural antibiotic for the treatment of certain human diseases, particularly in light of the growing problem of bacterial antibiotic resistance. However, its high toxicity must be considered, and further studies are essential before any clinical application.
Estimating cost functions and economies of scale for garlic crops in Tartous Governorate for the 2025 agricultural season
The research aimed to estimate garlic production costs in Tartous Governorate during the 2025 agricultural season, and to determine the total and marginal cost functions and the effect of economies of scale on total cost. The study used descriptive, analytical, and quantitative approaches, based on data from a stratified random sample of 90 farms according to their size. Results showed that the cost per kilogram decreased with farm size: 2,624.09 Syrian pounds on small farms, 2,361.68 on medium-sized farms, and 2,099.27 on large farms. Organic fertilizer accounted for the largest share of production requirements on small farms, while sorting and packaging represented the largest share of agricultural operations. The marginal cost function indicated economies of scale, with a 1% increase in farm area reducing total costs by 0.061%. Elasticities showed that a 1% increase in production inputs and agricultural operations increased total costs by 0.713% and 0.29%, respectively. The study recommended gradually expanding farm size, improving fertilizer practices, enhancing farmer training programs, and adopting modern technologies to maximize production efficiency and reduce costs.
Functional response of Scymnus syriacus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) reared on cucumber
The functional response of both fourth larval instar and adult stage of the predator Scymnus syriacus was studied on cotton aphid. Both stages exhibited a type II functional response when fed on six different densities of cotton aphid nymphs (5, 0, 20, 40, 80, and 160 nymphs/Petri dish). Rogers' model was found to be the most suitable for the data. Predation efficiency varied with the life stage and temperature, as handling time (Th) decreased and attack rate (α) increased for both stages when the temperature rose from 22°C to 28°C. Females were the most efficient, with the highest attack rate (0.204 nymphs/hour) and shortest handling time (0.414 hours) at 28°C. The study confirmed that adult females are the most suitable biological control agent against the cotton aphid, demonstrating superior efficacy, especially at higher temperatures and lower prey densities.
Effect of Intravenous Vitamin C on Acrylamide-Induced Pulmonary Toxicity in Albino Mice
Lung cancer represents one of the tum ors most associated with exposure to environmental pollutants such as acrylamide. The aim of this study was to investigate the intravenous protective role of Vit C against pulmonary toxicity and acrylamide-induced cancer. The study included 60 Balb/c mice, distributed equally into 6 groups. Group one: They were given water and food throughout the experiment, Group two: dosed with vitamin C via oral tube feeding, Group three: vitamin C with injected intravenously, Group four: dosed with (AC), Group five: vitamin C was given in conjunction with (AC), Group six: vitamin C was injected simultaneously with AC. At the end of the experiment, the remaining mice from the six groups were sacrificed and a microscopic study of the lung tissue was conducted to observe the changes induced by acrylamide and tested the intravenous protective role of Vit C in reducing these. The results showed the occurrence of severe pulmonary toxicity in group four, while the significant role of intravenous Vit C in the prevention of pulmonary toxicity as an antioxidant was observed in group six.
Assessment of physicochemical properties and concentrations of some heavy metals in the water of the lower Al-Kabir Al-Shamali River basin, Syria
This study investigated the seasonal variations in physicochemical characteristics of the Al-Kabir Al-Shamali River waters, along with analysis of heavy metals (cadmium, lead, copper, and nickel) during both flood and low flow seasons. Samples were collected from four sites, spanning from the 16 Tishreen Dam Lake to the river's estuary in the Mediterranean Sea, over a two-year period from autumn 2020 to summer 2022. The results revealed that the river water is characterized as very hard and classified as contaminated according to international standards. Nevertheless, measurements of electrical conductivity, pH, and dissolved oxygen remained within permissible limits for various water uses, albeit with relative spatial and seasonal variations. Regarding heavy metals, most concentrations exceeded the permissible limits for drinking water, with the exception of copper. Furthermore, concentrations were slightly above the permissible limits for irrigation in some cases, except for lead and nickel during specific seasons. Notably, the highest concentrations of heavy metals were recorded during the low flow season, with a clear impact of wastewater discharge from industrial and artisanal facilities in the area.
Analysis of the elasticity of agricultural inputs in citrus production in the Lattakia region for the year 2024
The research aimed to evaluate the elasticity of agricultural inputs in citrus production in the Lattakia region for the year 2024, with the aim of improving resource utilization efficiency and enhancing economic returns. The research used descriptive analytical and quantitative approaches, using Cobb-Douglas function estimation and data from a random sample of 159 farmers. The results showed that the total production costs of one dunum amounted to approximately 48,002 thousand Syrian pounds, with variable costs accounting for 58%. Fixed costs constituted 42% of the total. The elasticity coefficients indicated that irrigation water and manual labor had the highest positive impact on yield increases, while organic fertilizers had a moderate impact. The marginal economic efficiency of mineral fertilizers and pesticides was low, reflecting the potential for improving the allocation of these resources. The overall economic efficiency reached 1.07, and the economic profitability reached 6.46%, demonstrating the ability of farmers to achieve profitable returns despite high costs. The study recommended the need to rationalize the use of inputs through laboratory soil analysis, develop irrigation methods, and improve transportation and marketing management.
The effect of melatonin on kinetic parameters of Awassi ram sperm during cooling at +4°C using the sperm analysis system (CASA)
This study was conducted to test the effect of adding melatonin as an antioxidant to the semen dilution medium of Awassi rams. Semen was collected from five rams using the electroejaculation method. The samples were transported directly to the laboratory, and melatonin was added to Tris Egg yolk diluent in different concentrations {0.5(M1), 1(M2), 1.5(M3)} mM, and stored at +4°C for 72 hours. Kinetic parameters were evaluated using the CASA system after (24, 48,72) hours. The results showed that all treatments significantly (P<0.001) outperformed the control (M0) in the progressive motility, total motility, and rapid motility. The average percentages of progressive motility of sperm for treatments M1, M2, M3, and M0 were (53.03, 66.90, 64.63, and 44.85%), respectively. Treatment M2 significantly outperformed the control and other treatments (P<0.001) in sperm velocity parameters: VCL (curved velocity), VSL (linear velocity), and VAP (average path velocity). The mean sperm velocity for curvilinear velocity for treatments M1, M2, M3, and the control were (76.05, 88.38, 84.64, and 68.58 microns/s), respectively. It has been shown that adding melatonin as an antioxidant to the semen diluent of rams contributed to maintaining sperm quality during cooling at +4°C. Given that the 1 mM concentration outperformed all parameters, we recommend adding melatonin at a 1 mM.
Investigation of the Presence and Concentrations of Biotoxins in Four Marine Biota of Latakia Coast (Syria)
This article presents a preliminary assessment of biotoxins which have accumulated in the tissues of four marine species which were directly related to phytoplankton, the producers of these toxins. Samples of mussels Brachidontes pharaonis (P. Fischer, 1870), sea urchin Arbacialixula (Linnaeus, 1758), Sardina pilchardus (Walbaum, 1792), and Siganus rivulatus (Forsska, 1775) were collected from various locations along the Latakia coast during 2013. Extraction was performed using reference methods, and the samples were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analysis of the samples revealed the ability of these organisms to accumulate four groups of biotoxins: Decarbamoyl, Domiacide, Tetradoxin, and Azaspiracid, at varying concentrations ranging from below the Low Detection (LOD) (67.64 ng/g) for Decarbamoyl, (9.57-45.35 ng/g) for Domiacide, (LOD -9.37 ng/g) for Tetradoxin, and (8.74-15.96 ng/g) for Azaspiracid.
Impact of Small Workshops' Compliance with Quality and Food Safety Standards on Consumer Loyalty: An Analytical Study in the Dairy Industry in Latakia Governorate
This study examined the relationship between small dairy workshops' compliance with food safety standards psychological, economic, and cultural-behavioral dimensions and consumer loyalty in Latakia Governorate, amid weak regulatory oversight and persistent consumer loyalty despite documented health risks. Using a descriptive-analytical methodology, a questionnaire was administered to 196 consumers, with data analyzed through SPSS. The findings revealed that independent variables collectively explain 79.4% of the variance in consumer loyalty. The psychological dimension (consumer trust in producers) emerged as the most influential predictor (69.2%), followed by the cultural-behavioral dimension (entrenched consumption habits) (68.6%), and the economic dimension (low prices) (65.8%). The results indicated that loyalty in this context is not based primarily on technical commitment to food safety standards, but rather on trust, habits, and economic constraints. The study recommends developing participatory community monitoring systems, encouraging producers to adopt cost-effective safety standards, designing culturally-sensitive awareness campaigns, and implementing gradual regulatory policies based on integration and rehabilitation rather than closure and confiscation.
Econometric analysis of potato production functions in Tartous Governorate using the dynamic Nerlov model
The research aimed to study the reality of potato cultivation and production in Tartous Governorate and estimate potato production functions using the Nerlov Dynamic Model. The research relied on data from agricultural statistical collections (2000-2023), which were analyzed using descriptive analytical methods and standard methods using the R statistical programming language. The results showed that average production reached 40,578 tons, an increase of 12.25% compared to 2000. Meanwhile, productivity declined to 24,115 kg/ha, a decrease of 40.2%, reflecting poor resource utilization efficiency. The price index increased by more than 34,800%, impacting market stability. The results of the dynamic Nerlov model showed that past production had a positive and significant effect (coefficient = 0.67, p<0.01), while both past price (coefficient = -16.67, p<0.01) and past productivity (coefficient = -1.68, p<0.05) had a negative effect. The model's explanatory power reached R² = 88.9%, demonstrating its suitability for studying agricultural supply dynamics. The study recommended supporting farmers with appropriate production inputs and improving cultivation and storage techniques to enhance production stability.
Study of the efficacy of the Alcoholic Extract of Lavandula stoechas L. leaves against Some Pathogenic Bacteria
This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract of Lavandula stoechas leaves against selected pathogenic bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Proteus vulgaris. The results showed that Staphylococcus aureus exhibited the highest sensitivity to the extract, with an inhibition zone diameter of 19 mm at a concentration of 90%. In contrast, Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris showed moderate to low sensitivity. The ethanolic extract demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, with the most pronounced effect observed against Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were determined. The MIC value for Staphylococcus aureus was 1%, and its MBC value was 4%, indicating strong bactericidal efficacy. For Escherichia coli and Proteus vulgaris, the MIC and MBC values were 10% and 16%, respectively, suggesting moderate antibacterial potential. The findings highlight the potential of Lavandula stoechas ethanolic extract as a natural antibacterial agent, particularly against Staphylococcus aureus. This study was conducted in the Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Damascus University, during 2023.
Change in the Efficiency of Cellulose Decomposer Activity After the 2020 Fire in the Soil of the Cedar and Fir Reserve in Lattakia Governorate.
Wildfires are among the common disturbances that leave significant impacts on natural ecosystems, including the biological components of the soil. This study aims to evaluate the effect of the 2020 fire on the efficiency of cellulose decomposition in the soil of the Cedar and Fir Reserve in Syria, considering it an effective biological indicator of microbial activity and a measure of soil recovery after fire. Soil samples were collected in 2023 from two different depths (0–10 cm and 10–30 cm) in areas exposed to varying fire intensities (high, moderate, and low) as well as from an unburned site. The results showed that fires particularly low-intensity ones significantly increased cellulose decomposition efficiency in the surface layer (0–10 cm), where the degradation rate reached 98%. This increase is attributed to the rise in soil pH and the release of nutrients following the fire. In contrast, high-intensity fire led to reduced decomposition in the deeper layers (10–30 cm). The study also revealed indicators of gradual soil recovery when comparing samples collected in 2021 with those collected in 2023, confirming the soil’s ability to restore its biological functions
Sodium Nitrite-Induced Histological Changes in Albino Mice and The Protective Role of Garlic Alcoholic Extract
The study aimed to identify the histological changes resulting from sodium nitrite (NaNO2) administration in the liver of male mice and to verify the potential protective effects of the alcoholic extract of garlic against sodium nitrite-induced hepatotoxicity. The study was conducted on 24 male mice, divided equally into 4 groups, which were dosed daily for 12 months. The first group: (control), the second group: was dosed with the alcoholic extract of garlic (50 mg/kg of body weight), The third group was given sodium nitrite (80 mg/kg), the fourth group was given garlic extract in conjunction with sodium nitrite, and at the end of the experiment, liver samples were collected from the mice for histological examination. The results of the histological study showed the toxic effect of sodium nitrite, as severe necrotic foci and nuclei destruction also appeared. In addition to fatty and watery degeneration, vascular dilation and congestion were also observed in the central and portal veins of the liver, as well as severe inflammatory infiltration. On the other hand, the alcoholic extract of garlic showed a significant improvement in liver tissue when dosed simultaneously with sodium nitrite, The liver tissue recovered a significant portion of its health, and the normal hepatic tissue structure appeared. This confirms that the alcoholic extract of garlic is an effective natural product due to its important protective role against sodium nitrite hepatotoxicity.
Study and evaluation of the compositional and structural diversity in selected parks of Tartous City
The study was conducted in 2025, and aimed to estimate the compositional and structural diversity in some parks of Tartous City. Fifteen parks were chosen. All trees and shrubs in these parks were inventoried. The sustainability of these parks was evaluated using multiple biodiversity indicators. The results indicated that all parks exceeded the 10/20/30 rule, except four of them that met the rule at the family level. The diversity according to the diameter classes was good in only 20% of the parks. 67 plant species of trees and shrubs were recorded in the studied parks, belonging to 57 genera and 32 plant families. The study found a statistically significant correlation between the park area and both species richness (R=0.87, P<0.001) and Shannon's index (R=0.68, P=0.005), while no statistically significant correlation was found between area and the top diversity index (TD-50) (R=0.42, P=0.12). Hibiscus × rosa-sinensis was the most abundant species, accounting for 21.78% of the total, with Cascabela thevetia being next at 11.61%, Ficus nitida at 11.47%. Ficus nitida was among the three dominant species in 60% of the gardens, followed by Casuarina cunninghamiana in 40% of them. The Malvaceae family was the most abundant, followed by Apocynaceae and Moraceae. The percentage of introduced species was 68.65%, making them the preferred species. The study. provides a database that can be used to manage parks optimally, ensuring their sustainability and the provision of their services. It also recommends utilizing local species in creating green spaces in the city based on scientific principles
Effect of Adding Pumpkin Powder on Some Chemical and Sensory Properties of Yogurt
This Study Examined The Effect Of Adding Different Percentages Of Pumpkin Powder On The Chemical Composition Of Yogurt, As Well As The Effect Of Storing Yogurt At A Temperature Of (7 ± 1)°C For 14 Days On Its Chemical Composition . The Addition Of Various Percentages (1–3–5%) Of Pumpkin Powder To Yogurt Resulted In A Noticeable Decrease In Acidity, Moisture, And The Amount Of Separated Whey, While The Values Of Ash And Ph Increased. Moisture Content Decreased From 87.33 In The Control Sample To 87.05 With The Addition Of 5% Pumpkin Powder. Acidity Also Decreased From 0.93 To 0.80, While Ash Content Increased From 0.6 In The Control Sample To 0.72 With 5% Added Pumpkin Powder. The Ph Value Increased From 4.56 To 4.97 . The Sensory Properties Of Yogurt Improved Up To The 3% Concentration, With The Control Sample Receiving The Best Score For Color. Sensory Attributes Declined When 5% Pumpkin Powder Was Added, Earning The Lowest Acceptance Score. During The Storage Period, Slight Decreases In Moisture And Acidity Values Were Observed For All Yogurt Treatments. Results Showed That The 5% Pumpkin Powder Treatment Achieved The Highest Ash Content And Ph Values Compared To Other Treatments, And The Lowest Amount Of Separated Whey Occurred In Yogurt With 5% Added Pumpkin Powder . Sensory Evaluation Results Confirmed That Increasing The Percentage Of Added Pumpkin Powder Improved The Sensory Characteristics Of Yogurt, With The Best Values Observed At The 3% Pumpkin Powder Level .
Effect of Ethanolic extracts of four plant species in the inhibition of growth of three Aspergillus sp. spesies in Vitro
The research included a test of the efficiency of ethanolic extracts of Gardenia jasminoides, Citrus sinensis and Chrysanthemum coronarium flowers and Rhus coriaria fruits in inhibiting the radial growth of three spesies of Aspergillus, A.niger, A. flavus and A. terreus, in three concentrations 5%, 10% and 15% on PDA in vitro. The results showed that all of the tested extracts in all concentrations inhibited in vary proportions growth of the tested fungies, there were significant differences between the different concentrations of each extract and the inhibitaion increased as the concentration increased. The results also showed that R. coriaria fruits extract and C. sinensis flowers extract were the most effective inhibiting growth of tested fungies , the inhibitaion at concentration 15% ranged from 91.47% to 100% and G. jasminoides flowers extract ranged from 86.20% to 100% and finally Ch. coronarium flowers extract was (78.66% to 100%) against three tested pathogens.