Submission and Review of Research -Basic Sciences Series

Mechanisms of Adsorption of Ammonium Ions (As Fertilizers) on the Soils Surrounding Lake Al-Sin on the Syrian Coast

2025-09-28T09:20:22+00:00

The main objective of this research is to investigate the ability of the soil components surrounding Lake Al-Sin to adsorb ammonium ions (as fertilizers). The results showed variations in the ammonium ion adsorption values depending on the study sites, which included changes in the soil properties, which led to a difference in the exchange capacity values (as an indication of the adsorption capacity and its type), as the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) values for ammonium ions ranged within the range (11.06 - 38.27 mg/g).

When studying adsorption isotherms, which represent the relationship between the amount of adsorbed material on a surface and the concentration of the adsorbed material at equilibrium and at a certain temperature, it was found that they are in good agreement with the Freundlich model, with a correlation coefficient ranging within the range (0.90-0.99), This confirms that the resulting absorption is absorption on the heterogeneous (energy) centers of the surface of the absorbent material.

As a result of the statistical study that dealt with the correlation coefficients between the physical and chemical properties of the soil components in the study sites and the adsorption properties of ammonium ions, it was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity (q_max), as an indication of the maximum adsorption of ammonium ions, is related to the following variables: soil components (clay, oxides, presence of zeolite components, and soil pH...).

The Effect of Climate and Continental Hydrological Factors on the Salinity of Seawater of Latakia Coast

2025-08-18T06:55:26+00:00

The research aims to analyze the change in seawater salinity along the Latakia coast in relation to the influence of the two most significant climate elements: precipitation and evaporation. It also considers continental hydrological factors, represented by the flow of the Al Kabeer Alshemaly River, as well as sewage contributions from the Afamia and Al Corniche aljanuby estuaries. The study relied on field research, which involved collecting samples and measuring parameters directly at the sampling locations, followed by data analysis to derive a set of result.

The concepts of surface water mass and seawater salinity were defined, along with the average seawater salinity in the research area, which represents the typical salinity of the surface water mass in Syrian territorial waters, as indicated by the station of the Higher Institute of Marine Research, a typical station distant from human influences. The variation in seawater salinity was analyzed based on the months of the year 2023. The extent of the impact of seawater salinity on the Latakia coast was assessed in relation to climatic elements and the river flow of the Al Kabeer Alshemaly River, considering different distances from the estuary, as well as the influence of human factors.

Determination Of Copper Ions (II) Using The Reagent 4-[(4-Amino-3-Hydroxyphenyl) Diazenyl]-3-Hydroxynaphthalene-1-Sulfonic Acid By Spectrophotometric Method

2025-08-10T07:40:51+00:00

Copper (II) was determined using the reagent 4-[(4-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid in its aqueous solutions by the spectrophotometric colorimetric method, by formation of a greenish-yellow colored complex in the presence of a Britton buffer at pH 8. The experimental study showed that the maximum absorption wavelength of the formed complex is 440 nm, and the reaction ratio between the reagent and copper (II) was (2:1), while the maximum value of the molar absorptivity coefficient and the complex formation constant were ε = 1.07×10⁴ L.mol⁻¹.cm⁻¹ and β = 8.91×10³ respectively. All factors affecting the copper-reagent complex formation process were studied, where linearity was occurred within the concentration range (0.2-6) mg/L, with a detection limit of 0.04 mg/L and a Sandell sensitivity of 0.01 μg/cm². The relative standard deviation values ranged within (0.95-4.23)%, and the recovery ranged within (95-102.5)% when this method was applied to standard copper samples, indicating the validity and accuracy of the method and the possibility of using the reagent to determine copper (II).

Glyphosate Evaluation of Fmoc-cl Efficiency in Glyphosate Derivatization and Its Analysis Using Hplc-pda

2025-09-01T06:08:12+00:00

Glyphosate, the active ingredient in the widely used herbicide Roundup, lacks chromophore and fluorophore groups, rendering direct analysis by spectroscopic and fluorometric methods challenging. To improve detectability, derivatization is commonly employed. This study evaluates the efficacy of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) as a derivatization reagent in two solvent systems acetonitrile alone and an acetonitrile-water mixture followed by analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detection. Results demonstrate that FMOC-Cl remained stable in acetonitrile for up to 13 days, with its peak detected at 10.7 minutes. In contrast, stability in the acetonitrile-water mixture was significantly reduced to one day, as FMOC-Cl hydrolyzed completely into its byproduct, FMOC-OH, which exhibited a peak at 7.5 minutes. Successful derivatization of glyphosate was achieved when FMOC-Cl was dissolved solely in acetonitrile, as evidenced by the pesticide’s peak at 3.9 minutes. No peak was observed when derivatization was performed in the acetonitrile-water system, highlighting the critical influence of solvent composition on derivatization efficiency.

Tectonic Subsidence in the AL-Qaryatayn Area

2025-08-12T10:26:47+00:00

We conducted a study of tectonic subsidence in the Al-Qaryatayn area based on well data provided by the General Petroleum Corporation (Al-Qaryatayn Well) from a depth of 100m to 3250m. The study covered ages from the Upper Cretaceous to the Middle Triassic. The results revealed a significant and continuous subsidence phase during the Triassic (S1), linked to the Permian-Triassic rifting event—one of the most important global tectonic events—with a high sedimentation rate (57.2 m/My).

In the Jurassic, a dominant phase (S2) reflected relative tectonic stability, ending with an uplift of the sedimentary basin floor. Initially, this phase coincided with thermal subsidence but concluded with local uplifts represented by very long wavelengths. This local tectonic event extended along the Palmyride Belt in its northern and southern segments, with a relatively low sedimentation rate (3.6 m/My).

Subsequently, a major and continuous subsidence phase began in the Cretaceous (S3), associated with the formation of rift systems in the region, such as the Euphrates Graben. This event represents a regional tectonic episode affecting the structure of the Palmyride Belt and adjacent formations, with a moderately high sedimentation rate (14.15 m/My) compared to the Triassic rate.

Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Syrian Phosphate Ore

2025-08-31T09:03:56+00:00

Crystal Violet is an industrial organic dye widely used in the textile and medical fields; however, its accumulation in water poses a major environmental and health risk.

Syrian phosphate ore particularly the one extracted from the Khneifis mines in the Palmyra region was used to study the adsorbent of positively charged crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using the static method and at laboratory temperature(25^oC). The results showed that the adsorption process is fast at the beginning and reached equilibrium after 120 minutes. The experiments were carried out within a range of pH (pH=4 to 10), It was observed that the adsorption efficiency increases with the increase of pH values. The maximum adsorption capacity (8 mg/g) was achieved at 25°C and an initial concentration of 50 mg/L.

The adsorption rate increased with increasing adsorbent mass until reaching a steady state, the results showed that, the adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model, reflecting the formation of a monomolecular adsorption layer, and confirming that the Syrian phosphate ore is a promising national resource that can be exploited for environmental pollution treatment applications.

Sedimentological and Biostratigraphic study of the Al-Thawrah & Starbeh Formations in the Al-Haffah Sheet

2025-09-07T08:28:15+00:00

The Thawrah and Starbeh formations are exposed in the central part of the Al-Haffah Sheet at a scale of 1:50000, extending from north to south. Some stratigraphic levels of these formations are partially or entirely absent. The formations were investigated from biostratigraphic, petrographic, and sedimentological perspectives, based on field data collected from four geological sections across the study Sheet. These sections, from north to south, are: North Saqiyat Aramo NSA, Jabalaya Sheikh Hassan Jsh, Ain Lilon LL, and Qalaat Al-Mahalba QH. A total of 91 samples were collected for detailed petrographic analysis under the microscope.

Biostratigraphic studies enabled the specific refinement of the ages of the studied rock units and the delineation of boundaries between stratigraphic stages. They also revealed a stratigraphic gap represented by the absence of the Globotruncanita elevata zone, which characterizes the base of the Campanian.

Petrographic analysis showed that the formations consist of repetitive alternations of marly, calcareous-clayey, calcareous-phosphatic, and calcareous-dolomitized rocks. These include (clayey biopelmicrite, biosparite, partially dolomitized biopelmicrite, and phosphatic-glauconitic biopelmicrosparite). Lithostratigraphic correlation clarified the facies variability and allowed for the reconstruction of spatial and temporal distribution patterns.

Sediment logical interpretation indicates that these formations were deposited in environments ranging from upper sub tidal settings at the base of the Thawrah Formation to calm, deeper open-marine conditions towards the top of the Starbeh Formation. These deposits represent regressive–transgressive sedimentary sequences within a basin subject to cyclic fluctuations in sea level.