Latakia University (formerly Tishreen) Journal for Research and Scientific Studies - Basic Sciences Series
Calculating the propagation energy of the spin wave according to the Heisenberg model in ferromagnetic materials with spin S=3/2 in composite coordinates
This research aims to find the propagation energy of spin waves in ferromagnetic materials according to the Heisenberg model with spin S=3/2 based on finding the appropriate wave function in the complex system, then the hamiltonion and Lagrangian, and then dynamical equations that enable us to obtain the energy levels if the magnons and their propagation speed .It also aims to Study of the effect of an external magnetic field of variable direction , constant intensity and a symmetry (anisotropy) on the magnons energy . It also aims to Study the effect of the formed quadrupoles and octopoles on the conservation of the spin square .
wave function- magnons - saleton-spin waves-Heizenberg modals
Copyright (c) 2025 Submission and Review of Research -Basic Sciences Series https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
Mechanisms of Adsorption of Ammonium Ions (As Fertilizers) on the Soils Surrounding Lake Al-Sin on the Syrian Coast
The main objective of this research is to investigate the ability of the soil components surrounding Lake Al-Sin to adsorb ammonium ions (as fertilizers). The results showed variations in the ammonium ion adsorption values depending on the study sites, which included changes in the soil properties, which led to a difference in the exchange capacity values (as an indication of the adsorption capacity and its type), as the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) values for ammonium ions ranged within the range (11.06 - 38.27 mg/g). When studying adsorption isotherms, which represent the relationship between the amount of adsorbed material on a surface and the concentration of the adsorbed material at equilibrium and at a certain temperature, it was found that they are in good agreement with the Freundlich model, with a correlation coefficient ranging within the range (0.90-0.99), This confirms that the resulting absorption is absorption on the heterogeneous (energy) centers of the surface of the absorbent material. As a result of the statistical study that dealt with the correlation coefficients between the physical and chemical properties of the soil components in the study sites and the adsorption properties of ammonium ions, it was observed that the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax), as an indication of the maximum adsorption of ammonium ions, is related to the following variables: soil components (clay, oxides, presence of zeolite components, and soil pH...).
Adsorption, Ammonium ions, Physical and chemical properties of soil, Freundlich isotherm, The maximum adsorption capacity
Sedimentological and Biostratigraphic study of the Al-Thawrah & Starbeh Formations in the Al-Haffah Sheet
The Thawrah and Starbeh formations are exposed in the central part of the Al-Haffah Sheet at a scale of 1:50000, extending from north to south. Some stratigraphic levels of these formations are partially or entirely absent. The formations were investigated from biostratigraphic, petrographic, and sedimentological perspectives, based on field data collected from four geological sections across the study Sheet. These sections, from north to south, are: North Saqiyat Aramo NSA, Jabalaya Sheikh Hassan Jsh, Ain Lilon LL, and Qalaat Al-Mahalba QH. A total of 91 samples were collected for detailed petrographic analysis under the microscope. Biostratigraphic studies enabled the specific refinement of the ages of the studied rock units and the delineation of boundaries between stratigraphic stages. They also revealed a stratigraphic gap represented by the absence of the Globotruncanita elevata zone, which characterizes the base of the Campanian. Petrographic analysis showed that the formations consist of repetitive alternations of marly, calcareous-clayey, calcareous-phosphatic, and calcareous-dolomitized rocks. These include (clayey biopelmicrite, biosparite, partially dolomitized biopelmicrite, and phosphatic-glauconitic biopelmicrosparite). Lithostratigraphic correlation clarified the facies variability and allowed for the reconstruction of spatial and temporal distribution patterns. Sediment logical interpretation indicates that these formations were deposited in environments ranging from upper sub tidal settings at the base of the Thawrah Formation to calm, deeper open-marine conditions towards the top of the Starbeh Formation. These deposits represent regressive–transgressive sedimentary sequences within a basin subject to cyclic fluctuations in sea level.
Sedimentation, Petrography, Biostratigraphy, Al-thawrah Formation, Starbeh Formation, Al-Haffah.
Glyphosate Evaluation of Fmoc-cl Efficiency in Glyphosate Derivatization and Its Analysis Using Hplc-pda
Glyphosate, the active ingredient in the widely used herbicide Roundup, lacks chromophore and fluorophore groups, rendering direct analysis by spectroscopic and fluorometric methods challenging. To improve detectability, derivatization is commonly employed. This study evaluates the efficacy of 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) as a derivatization reagent in two solvent systems acetonitrile alone and an acetonitrile-water mixture followed by analysis using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detection. Results demonstrate that FMOC-Cl remained stable in acetonitrile for up to 13 days, with its peak detected at 10.7 minutes. In contrast, stability in the acetonitrile-water mixture was significantly reduced to one day, as FMOC-Cl hydrolyzed completely into its byproduct, FMOC-OH, which exhibited a peak at 7.5 minutes. Successful derivatization of glyphosate was achieved when FMOC-Cl was dissolved solely in acetonitrile, as evidenced by the pesticide’s peak at 3.9 minutes. No peak was observed when derivatization was performed in the acetonitrile-water system, highlighting the critical influence of solvent composition on derivatization efficiency.
Glyphosate – Derivatization – FMOC-CL – HPLC
Adsorption of Crystal Violet Dye from Aqueous Solutions Using Syrian Phosphate Ore
Crystal Violet is an industrial organic dye widely used in the textile and medical fields; however, its accumulation in water poses a major environmental and health risk. Syrian phosphate ore particularly the one extracted from the Khneifis mines in the Palmyra region was used to study the adsorbent of positively charged crystal violet dye from aqueous solutions using the static method and at laboratory temperature(25oC). The results showed that the adsorption process is fast at the beginning and reached equilibrium after 120 minutes. The experiments were carried out within a range of pH (pH=4 to 10), It was observed that the adsorption efficiency increases with the increase of pH values. The maximum adsorption capacity (8 mg/g) was achieved at 25°C and an initial concentration of 50 mg/L. The adsorption rate increased with increasing adsorbent mass until reaching a steady state, the results showed that, the adsorption process was consistent with the Langmuir isotherm model, reflecting the formation of a monomolecular adsorption layer, and confirming that the Syrian phosphate ore is a promising national resource that can be exploited for environmental pollution treatment applications.
The Effect of Climate and Continental Hydrological Factors on the Salinity of Seawater of Latakia Coast
The research aims to analyze the change in seawater salinity along the Latakia coast in relation to the influence of the two most significant climate elements: precipitation and evaporation. It also considers continental hydrological factors, represented by the flow of the Al Kabeer Alshemaly River, as well as sewage contributions from the Afamia and Al Corniche aljanuby estuaries. The study relied on field research, which involved collecting samples and measuring parameters directly at the sampling locations, followed by data analysis to derive a set of result. The concepts of surface water mass and seawater salinity were defined, along with the average seawater salinity in the research area, which represents the typical salinity of the surface water mass in Syrian territorial waters, as indicated by the station of the Higher Institute of Marine Research, a typical station distant from human influences. The variation in seawater salinity was analyzed based on the months of the year 2023. The extent of the impact of seawater salinity on the Latakia coast was assessed in relation to climatic elements and the river flow of the Al Kabeer Alshemaly River, considering different distances from the estuary, as well as the influence of human factors.
Seawater Salinity, hydrological factors, Al Kabeer Alshemaly River.
Synthesis of alkene from phosphorus ylide based on the Wittig reaction
In this research, a new method was developed for the preparation of phosphonium salt (benzyl triphenyl phosphonium chloride salt) by studying the effect of solvents on the reaction efficiency. The results showed that using ethyl acetate as a solvent resulted in a low yield of 22%. When adding toluene at a ratio of 20% to ethyl acetate (80:20 ratio), the yield improved to 53%. When the ratio was adjusted to 50% ethyl acetate and 50% toluene, the yield increased significantly to 81%. The best results were obtained when using toluene as the main solvent, where the yield reached 93%, proving that toluene is the optimal choice for this reaction. The resulting phosphonium salt was then reacted with sodium hydroxide solution to produce phosphorane, which was used to synthesize three alkenes by reacting with Methyl phenyl ketone, acetylacetone, and benzaldehyde, respectively: ((Prop-1-ene-1,2-diyldibenZene-(E)), (4-methyl-5-phenylpent_4_ene_2_one) (1,2-Diphenylethylene) ․
toluene ‚ethyl acetate ‚phosphonium salt ‚ketone‚ alkene․
Tectonic Subsidence in the AL-Qaryatayn Area
We conducted a study of tectonic subsidence in the Al-Qaryatayn area based on well data provided by the General Petroleum Corporation (Al-Qaryatayn Well) from a depth of 100m to 3250m. The study covered ages from the Upper Cretaceous to the Middle Triassic. The results revealed a significant and continuous subsidence phase during the Triassic (S1), linked to the Permian-Triassic rifting event—one of the most important global tectonic events—with a high sedimentation rate (57.2 m/My). In the Jurassic, a dominant phase (S2) reflected relative tectonic stability, ending with an uplift of the sedimentary basin floor. Initially, this phase coincided with thermal subsidence but concluded with local uplifts represented by very long wavelengths. This local tectonic event extended along the Palmyride Belt in its northern and southern segments, with a relatively low sedimentation rate (3.6 m/My). Subsequently, a major and continuous subsidence phase began in the Cretaceous (S3), associated with the formation of rift systems in the region, such as the Euphrates Graben. This event represents a regional tectonic episode affecting the structure of the Palmyride Belt and adjacent formations, with a moderately high sedimentation rate (14.15 m/My) compared to the Triassic rate.
Tectonic subsidence – Sedimentation rate – Sedimentation basin.
Determination Of Copper Ions (II) Using The Reagent 4-[(4-Amino-3-Hydroxyphenyl) Diazenyl]-3-Hydroxynaphthalene-1-Sulfonic Acid By Spectrophotometric Method
Copper (II) was determined using the reagent 4-[(4-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid in its aqueous solutions by the spectrophotometric colorimetric method, by formation of a greenish-yellow colored complex in the presence of a Britton buffer at pH 8. The experimental study showed that the maximum absorption wavelength of the formed complex is 440 nm, and the reaction ratio between the reagent and copper (II) was (2:1), while the maximum value of the molar absorptivity coefficient and the complex formation constant were ε = 1.07×10⁴ L.mol⁻¹.cm⁻¹ and β = 8.91×10³ respectively. All factors affecting the copper-reagent complex formation process were studied, where linearity was occurred within the concentration range (0.2-6) mg/L, with a detection limit of 0.04 mg/L and a Sandell sensitivity of 0.01 μg/cm². The relative standard deviation values ranged within (0.95-4.23)%, and the recovery ranged within (95-102.5)% when this method was applied to standard copper samples, indicating the validity and accuracy of the method and the possibility of using the reagent to determine copper (II).
4-[(4-amino-3-hydroxyphenyl)diazenyl]-3-hydroxynaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid, Direct spectrophotometric method, Spectrophotometric determination of copper (II).
Preparation and Characterization of New Ion Selective Electrode for Determination of Vitamin B1
A simple and rapid electrochemical sensor has been developed to determine the concentration of Thiamin hydrochloride (vitamin B6). This method is based on the ion exchange complex of the Thiamin hydrochloride with zinc chloride as ion pair in paste carbon electrode, and Di-Butyl phthalate as a plasticizer.The electrode shows a Nernstian response within a range of concentrations (9.47×10-6-1×10-2) mol/L within a temperature range of (25-35)0C and a pH range of pH(4-6). It gave a Nernstian slope of 28.715 mv/decade, a response time of60. It was also shown by calculating selectivity coefficients using Matched potential method that the proposed electrode shows high selectivity for vitamin B1 in the presence of a number of interfering ions (B6,B12,Cu2+,K+,Na+,Zn2+). The low values of standard deviation and relative standard deviation indicated the precision of the method. Furthermore, the recovery values, which ranged between 96.10% and 103.00%, demonstrated the accuracy of the method The concentration of vitamin B1 in some pharmaceutical preparations was determined using the proposed method, giving a recovery of of 98.31% and 97.80% of the true value, with a detection limit of 1.78×10⁻⁶ mol/L. The results were compared with those obtained from a reference method, and based on the calculation of the F-test and Student’s t-test, good agreement was observed between the two methods. Therefore, the proposed selective electrode can be adopted as a potentiometric method for the determination of vitamin B1. The proposed method was compared with other reference methods based on the same technique, and it was observed that this method also competes with several others in terms of detection limit, Nernstian slope, and linear range.
Thiamin hydrochloride, paste carbon electrode, pharmaceutical preparations.
Preparation of the photocatalyst (CaTiO3/Fe3O4) and study of its effectiveness in the degradation of Dimethoate
In this study, a CaTiO₃/Fe₃O₄ (CF) composite photocatalyst was successfully synthesized in the laboratory using the solvothermal method. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) to confirm the formation of crystalline phases, and its specific surface area was measured using the (BET) method. The photocatalytic performance of the CF catalyst was evaluated under varying conditions, including contact time, initial pesticide concentration, and light source, for the removal of Dimethoate from aqueous solutions. XRD analysis revealed that the catalyst exhibited good crystallinity, comprising both calcium titanate and magnetic iron oxide phases. BET analysis showed a relatively low specific surface area of 13.9 m²/g. Photodegradation experiments indicated that the catalyst achieved a 30% degradation efficiency of Dimethoate after five hours of contact, with the optimal pesticide concentration found to be 50 ppm. Furthermore, the highest photocatalytic activity was observed when both UV and visible light sources were used simultaneously, while individual use of each light source resulted in lower efficiency.
Photodegradation, Dimethoate, Composite photocatalyst, CaTiO3\Fe3O4.
Numerical solution of some fractional integro-differential equations using Bernstein and Laguerre approximations
In this paper, we present a numerical solution of some fractional order integro-differential equations involving the Caputo fractional derivative. The numerical method is based on the use of the Riemann-Liouville fractional integral and the approximation of the unknown solution function by Bernstein and Laguerre polynomials. By using regular collection points, the problem was transformed into a system of linear algebraic equations. The proposed method was tested by solving three problems, where numerical comparisons with other methods indicate the significance of the results in terms of numerical accuracy and ease of application. Furthermore, these results show that the Bernstein approximation is better than the Laguerre approximation. The programming language Mathematica was used to process the numerical results and graphs corresponding to the numerical solution and the resulting errors and show the accuracy of the method.
Spectroscopic analysis of a sulfur-rich sugar extract of the bioactive fucoidan from the brown alga Sargassum vulgare
This research deals with a qualitative study, using Fourier transform infrared technology, of some biologically active sugar extract rich in fucoidan in the brown algae Sargassum vulgare. Samples were collected in the spring of 2023 from the Higher Studies area on the beach of the city of Latakia, and the extraction process was carried out with hot water using an ultrasound device. The infrared spectrum (FT-IR) of the sugar extract confirmed that it contains fucoidan, as sulfur groups appeared in the spectrum, as did hydroxyl groups common in all types of sugars, and also the carboxyl group of uronic acid, which is one of the monomers that make up the fucoidan polymer, with wave numbers indicating to the presence of the C-H bond belonging to the following monosaccharides: fucose, glucose, mannose, and xylose. The spectrum also indicated the presence of proteins, as the wave number appeared at 1700 , which indicates the bond stretching vibration (C=O), which is particularly due to the peptide bond. The wave number also appeared at 1282 confirming an asymmetric vibration of the bond (O=S=O) present in the sulfate ester group, as the percentage of organic sulfates belonging to fucoidan reached The sugar content reached 23.06%. The yield of calcium alginate was 2.424%, and the yield of the pure sugar extract of alginate rich in fucoidan was 1.75%.
Study of the characteristics and distribution of surface sediments of the continental shelf of Latakia city.
Surface sediments were studied for a section of the Syrian continental shelf opposite the city of Latakia, extending approximately 5 km in length. Through this study, 60 sedimentary samples were collected and grain size analyzes were conducted with the aim of determining the nature and distribution of sediments, understanding the prevailing environments and depositional processes in the study area. The results of the study showed the presence of three sedimentary patterns: (sand - silt sand - sandy silt), where both sand and silt were found in different proportions depending on the sampling sites, with small percentages of clay. The values ​​of statistical parameters for the studied surface sedimentary samples showed the dominance of coarse silt and very fine sand, poor sorting, positive to very positive skewness, and most sediments of medium kurtosis to flat. The results were uploaded to digital maps to give a clearer picture of the characteristics of the study area.
Metamorphic implications of the ophiolite movement in the Northeast Bassit area (Syria)
his research presents a petrographic study of the ophiolite complex rocks in the northeastern part of the Bassit region to explain the movement of the ophiolite and the accompanying events that resulted in the formation of the metamorphic basement. The ophiolite movement in Qastal Maaf, Al-Dushna, Al-Farlq, Sheikh Hassan and Al-Ghangariya was characterized by an primary fracture of the ophiolite body, followed by an collapse due to imbalance and its collision with the deep depression in the area. The process of transition and fracture was accompanied by the formation of metamorphic basement formed by dynamic metamorphism due to gravity sliding of the ophiolite shelf covers, in addition to the process of heat retention within parts of the oceanic crust. The thermodynamic conditions of metamorphism were sufficient for the formation of low-grade metamorphic rocks (green schist). The metamorphic basement shows a reversed thermal gradient from bottom to top resulting from inversions of the ophiolite mass. It can be divided into medium-grade facies (amphibolite facies) in the north, and low-grade facies (greenschist facies) in the central and southern part of the area.
Ophiolite movement, Metamorphic sole, Al-Bassit region, green schist facies.
Selective Detection of Magnesium ions(II) using a new modified carbon paste Electrode
In this work, we adopt preparation a new carbon paste electrode for Magnesium ions based on a (7% complex: EDTA (2,2',2'',2'''-(ethane-1,2-diyldinitrilo)tetraacetic acid ) as electroactive material ( 45.5% Plasticizers (Paraffin Oil), 45.5% Graphite Powder,2% MgO) , This electrode revealed a good selectivity for ions in a wide linear dynamic range of ( 1.0 ˣ 10-5 – 1.0 ˣ 10-2 ) M . The electrode exhibit a Nernstain response of (27.85) mv per decade of Magnesium ions , the detection limit was ( 1ˣ 10 –5 ) M . The response time was about (25-30) s and the electrode can be used for 3 months at least. The applicable pH range was obtained (5 –9). By using Matched Potential Methods ( MPM ),The Proposed electrode show a very good selectivity towards Mg2+ ion in presence of some Transition , heavy metal ions with the correlation coefficient ( 0.996) ,SD : 6.83×10−5 , RSD : 3.99%, It was found that there were no significant differences between the two methods and the method used is characterized by accuracy and precision.
Selective electrode, Carbon paste electrode )CPE), Magnesium ions, Nernstain response
Study of the Effect of Type and Ratio of Active material on the Nernstian Response of a Modified Carbon Paste Electrode for Diclofenac Sodium Using the Potentiometric method
This research studied the effect of the type and ratio of active material in the modified carbon paste on the Nernstian slope for sodium diclofenac (NaDCF), and evaluated the suitability of the prepared pastes as surfaces for selective electrodes to determine the diclofenac ion in aqueous solutions. Various electroactive materials were investigated, and their effects on the Nernstian slope were observed within the concentration range of the studied compound [10⁻⁵–10⁻²] mol·L⁻¹. Silver–diclofenac complex (Ag–DCF), diclofenac with 1,10-phenanthroline, and silver oxide compound were used as electroactive materials. It was observed that the response of the diclofenac–1,10-phenanthroline complex to the studied substance was very weak across different ratios. The study demonstrated that the electrode composed of 7% silver–diclofenac complex, 46.5% dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and 46.5% graphite (GP) powder was the most effective, although the electrode with 9% silver oxide, 45.5% dibutyl phthalate, and 45.5% graphite powder showed better results in terms of slope value and correlation coefficient. However, it lacked repeatability, which is considered the main criterion for adopting an electrode as an effective tool in electrochemical measurements. The effect of medium pH and response time was also studied on the electrode modified with the silver–diclofenac complex, and the results indicated that pH = 8 was the optimal value, with a Nernstian slope of 49.63 mV/decade at a response time ranging between 10–30 seconds.
Potentiometric method, Selective electrode, Sodium diclofenac determination, Modified electrodes.
Hydrogeochemical properties of surface water and groundwater in the ALQESH River Basin - Lattakia
This study investigates the hydrogeochemical properties of water in the ALQESH River Basin in Lattakia Governorate, an ecologically vital area with diverse development activities (agricultural, industrial, and tourism), The aim is to assess water quality and determine its suitability for drinking according to the Syrian Standard for Drinking Water No. /45/ of /2007/. During the year /2023-2024/, Eight water samples were collected from various locations within the research area and subjected to Chemical analysis to determine the concentrations of major ions (cations and anions), as well as nitrogenous compounds (ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate). The (SPSS20) software was used for statistical analysis, where correlation coefficients between the chemical variables of the major ions were calculated. Cluster analysis was also applied to classify the samples into groups with similar properties. The study concluded that the hydrogeochemical properties of the water indicate signs of contamination, rendering it chemically unsuitable for drinking. This highlights the need for regular monitoring and the implementation of appropriate measures to improve water quality and ensure its suitability for various uses, the statistical and cluster analysis revealed that the water samples could be grouped into two distinct clusters with similar properties, reflecting variations in pollution sources or intensity within the studied area.
Study of the group of equivalence classes of quadratic ideals for some types of quadratic algebraic fields
This article aims to study the quadratic algebraic fields of the type (R-D) for some special values ​​of d, as we know that the fields of the type (R-D) if d≠5, where is a positive square-free integer satisfying then the quadratic field is a real quadratic field of the Richard-Degert type and we denote it by the symbol (R-D). This pattern has attracted the interest of many researchers, as Mishra, Hogue, and Chakarborty studied the structure of the group of order 4 for quadratic fields of the type in 2021. In 2020, Hogue and Kotyada studied the problem of the uniqueness of the analysis for fields of the type ). In 2016, Biro, Kim, and Labkova studied the problem of the uniqueness of the analysis for quadratic fields of the type In this research, we studied these fields for d where p is a prime number & t is a positive square-free integer
Preparation and characterization of Arginine- modified titanium dioxide nanoparticles and their use in improving the antifouling of PAN/PVP membranes
Titanium dioxide TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared in the laboratory using the sol-gel method and treated with arginine to be incorporated into the mixed matrix membranes of PAN/PVP/ TiO2(Arg). The prepared TiO2 has been characterized by a number of technologies, X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed the formation of anatase crystals, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the formation of spherical, agglomerated grains up to 24 nm in size. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDXS) showed that the prepared TiO2(NPs) was if high purity. The surfaces of TiO2(NPs) have been modified with Arginine to inhibit the agglomeration of TiO2(NPs) and increase their dispersibility in the polymer’s mixture, The FT-IR results modification of TiO2 (NPs) surfaces with arginine changed the electrical properties of TiO2 (NPs) surfaces. A locally constructed dead-end filter was used to test the performance of the prepared membranes against clogging by using Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) solution at primary pressure 0.7 bar and laboratory temperature. The results showed that the addition of TiO2(Arg) affected the morphology of the prepared The membranes enhanced with TiO2(Arg) achieved better performance efficiency compared to the unenhanced membrane M0. The membrane (M2) with 0.3% TiO2(Arg) achieved The highest average deionized water flow rate (0.313ml/cm2.min), While the membrane (M1) with 0.1% TiO2(Arg) achieved the highest flux recovery ratio (FRR) (85%), and the highest percentage of BSA contamination exclusion (74%).
Study the effect of the guiding agent (CTAP) Cetyl tri methyl ammonium bromide on the structural properties of the mixed oxide prepared by hydrothermal treatment at temperatures (70, 100 and 130)
Three samples of Al2O3/CdO the mixed oxide were studied at a single molar ratio of Al/Cd (1-0.25) and the effect of adding the guiding agent Cetyl trim ethyl ammonium bromide (CTAP) with a molar ratio of 0.5 mol were studied by hydrothermal method by placing the samples in an autoclave consisting of a Teflon container inside a sealed chrome container and then placing them in an oven at temperatures (70, 100 and 130 oC) for 7 hours, and the symbol was given , where X is the heat treatment temperature and C0.5 is the molar ratio of the guiding agent 0.5 mol, the surface area value increased by adding the guiding agent to 288m2/g of the sample . The increase in the surface area value is consistent with the changes in the total pore volume Vp, micro pore volume Vo, monolayer capacitance Vm, average pore volume Vmeso and CBET constant values ​​indicating weak affinity between the adsorbent and the adsorbate while low adsorption energy Eo values ​​indicate that the adsorption is of the physical type. The FTIR curves show a peak in the range 450-480 cm-1, and another broad shoulder-shaped peak in the range 870-600 cm-1, where the first peak expresses the tetrahedral vibrations while the second peak is attributed to the presence of symmetrical vibrations. The presence of these peaks indicates the contribution of the angles formed between the rings and the presence of oxygen bridges connecting and which characterizes the regular mesoporous structure.
Study the possibility of using the extract of the Ammi visnaga. L Fruits in green pharmaceutical cosmetic formulations
Ammi visnaga L., commonly known as toothpickweed, represents a natural resource rich in bioactive compounds and has been traditionally used in folk medicine to treat a variety of diseases and skin conditions. Given the therapeutic potential of Ammi visnaga L., we evaluated the possibility of using it in the development of innovative and safe green pharmaceutical preparations. Ultrasonic-assisted extraction technology was used as an effective and economical method to extract the active compounds from the fruits of Ammi visnaga L. using distilled water as a solvent. Chemical composition analysis of the resulting extract using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed the presence of a range of biologically active compounds, most notably: methyl isoeugenol (64.4%), known for its antifungal properties; mandelic acid ester (13.3%), characterized by its exfoliating and skin-lightening properties; and khellin (3.59%), which possesses soothing properties. Based on these results, two topical cream formulations were developed, one with a preservative and the other without, to evaluate the effect of preservatives on product stability. A model of an aqueous serum from the fruit extract for skincare was also developed. A series of tests were conducted to evaluate the safety and stability of the formulations, including skin tests that showed no sensitivity or irritation, as well as physical and biological tests to assess pH, color, odor, and microbial growth.
Ammi visnaga, ultrasound-assisted extraction, Green pharmaceuticals, mandelic acid ester.
Studying and comparing the chemical composition of two types of Syrian honey
The study examined several physical and chemical properties, along with the chemical composition, of two types of Syrian honey: citrus honey and mountain honey. Samples were collected from citrus honey produced in the Syrian coastal region and mountain honey from the Slunfeh area (Husamo) in the Syrian Arab Republic. Volatile and semi- volatile organic compounds were extracted using appropriate organic solvents- methanol, chloroform, and acetone. Gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to identify the compounds by comparing their mass spectra with reference data from the instrument’s library. The results revealed significant variation in the chemical composition of the two honey types. Twenty compounds were identified in the mountain honey sample, while twenty- two were found in the citrus honey. These compounds represented a large proportion of the total volatile and semi- volatile content in each sample. The identified compounds included esters(10.6% in mountain honey and 9.3% in citrus honey), hydrocarbons (10.0% and 7.1%, respectively), and other oxygenated compounds (2.7% and 10.0%, respectively). Notably, the mountain honey contained bioactive compounds such as Anethole, known for its strong antimicrobial properties. Citrus honey had higher levels of moisture, ascorbic acid, fructose, and glucose compared to mountain honey. On the other hand, mountain honey showed a higher phenolic content than citrus honey.
Study of the chemical resistance of glass with the composition XNa2Si2O5-YPbSiO3 in acidic and alkaline aqueous solutions
Due to the importance of sodium oxide-based silica glass and lead oxide-based silica glass in industrial and technological fields, in addition to their low cost and ease of manufacture, this research was conducted to prepare 9 glass samples with the composition XNa2Si2O5-YPbSiO3 where (X=1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 mol% Y=10-X mol%), the melting and cooling method was used to prepare both sodium disilicate glass and lead silicate glass, and the chemical resistance of the glass samples produced by soaking using some inorganic acids such as HNO3, H2SO4, HCl and sodium hydroxide NaOH for 24 hours was studied. The results showed that all the samples corroded in the acidic solutions, except for the (Na2O=27.27%,SiO2=63.63%,PbO=9.0009%) composition where (X=3mol%,Y=1mol%) , which showed no corrosion in the acidic solutions. All samples also showed high resistance to the alkaline solution, as there was no loss in their weights
Preparation and characterization of the Sulfated
Four samples were prepared, the first sample was alumina and given the symbol A, and three samples were prepared from the common oxide group in different molar ratios 1:0.35, 1:0.25, 1:0.15 and were given the following symbols, respectively: , it was precipitated using a precipitating agent . The results of the study showed that the common oxide group had a lower specific surface area than the alumina sample, , it was loaded with sulfate ions in three different proportions by soaking method, where the proportions of sulfate loaded were, , and were given the following symbols, respectively: , by dissolving the appropriate amount of ammonium sulphate , with the least amount of distilled water, and it is shown that loading with sulphate leads to a decrease in the specific surface area.
" Preparation of the new vanadyl N-acetyl benzamide complex VO(C9H8NO2)2 and its comparison with the vanadyl Di- acetylacetone complex (C10H14O5V), as well as the study of their physical and chemical properties
Vanadium complexes have been used in various fields, including medicine for treating cancer tumors and diabetes. Additionally, they have been widely applied in industrial and pharmaceutical applications, playing a significant role in biological processes, environmental protection, electrochemistry, dye manufacturing, agriculture, and materials science. Due to the effectiveness of vanadium in chemical processes and the ability of vanadyl ions (VO)2+ to form moderately charged complexes with anions of bidentate organic compounds, these resulting complexes are stable. Based on this, vanadyl N-acetyl benzamide complex with the general chemical formula VO(C9H8NO2)2 was prepared, featuring an octahedral coordination number of 6. The identity of the complex was determined using FT-IR spectroscopy, which showed the characteristic band of the central atom (V=O) in the spectrum of N-acetyl benzamide complex, as well as the distinctive band for the (V-O) bond. Some physical properties were also characterized, including melting point, color, and appearance. The N-vanadyl acetyl benzamide complex exhibited a gray color, in contrast to the green-blue color of the vanadyl Diacetylacetone complex. The melting point of the N- vanadyl acetyl benzamide complex was above 400 degrees Celsius, compared to the melting point of the vanadyl Diacetylacetone complex, which was 235 degrees Celsius. Moreover, the prepared complex was characterized by its very high solubility in water and its insolubility in many organic solvents. The maximum absorptivity of the complex was studied using UV-Visable spectroscopy, where the maximum absorptivity was obtained at a wavelength of 223 nm (λmax). From these spectra, we concluded that the prepared compound and its complexes matched those that were proposed.
The chemical composition study of the essential oil extracted from the aerial parts (leaves, inflorescences, and stem) of the Syrian plant Euphorbia helioscopia L.
The aerial parts of the plant Euphorbia helioscopia L , locally known as Al-Jijan , were collected from the Al-Hamdaniya area in Aleppo Governorate, and the essential oils were extracted using a Clevenger apparatus. The yield of the essential oil extracted from the sample of leaves and inflorescences was (0.014%), while the yield of the essential oil extracted from the sample of stem was (0.022%). The chemical composition of the essential oils was determined using the GC/MS device. The essential oil from the sample of leaves and inflorescences contained 67 compounds, representing 97.6% of the total essential oil. The main compounds were as follows: 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-Pentadecanone (12.6%), Benzene acetaldehyde (11%), 4-(2,6,6-trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-3-Buten-2-one (9.4%), Nonanal (7.9%), 1-Methylcycloheptanol (6%), Caryophyllene oxide (5.7%). In contrast, the essential oil from the stem sample contained 46 compounds, representing 97.8% of the total essential oil. The main compounds were as follows: Caryophyllene oxide (21.1%), Nonadecane (12%), n-Hexadecanoic acid (7.2%), Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(6.4%), Heptacosane (6.1%). The chemical compounds in the essential oils extracted from the aerial parts of this plant varied between hydrocarbons, oxygenated, and nitrogenous compounds. The oxygenated compounds had the highest percentage, followed by hydrocarbons.
Determining the quality of water in the Qash River Basin in Lattakia Governorate and assessing its suitability for drinking and irrigation
This research focused on evaluating the suitability of water in the Al-Qash River Basin - in the northwestern part of the Syrian Arab Republic, northeast of Latakia Governorate, within the Northern Kabir River Basin - for various uses (drinking, irrigation), by collecting /8/ water samples distributed over the entire Throughout the research area and all the geological positions prevailing therein, during the year 2023-2024 and for three different and distinct periods of the year. Some physical and chemical analyzes were carried out in the laboratories of the Water Resources Directorate in Latakia, and the laboratories of the General Organization for Drinking and Sanitation in Latakia, and those results were processed, and we adopted the average value of the results of the three analyses, with the aim of determining the quality of the water in it, and knowing the extent of its suitability for drinking and irrigation according to the Syrian standard specifications and some standards. Globally approved. The research concluded that the water in the area is mainly of the bicarbonate-sulfate-calcium-magnesian type through the application of the chemical composition relationship (Korolov relationship), noting that all the analyzed samples are fresh water, but chemically unfit for drinking according to the Syrian standard (2007). The values ​​of the concentrations of the cations and anions analyzed in it came within the permissible limits, with the exception of the sulfate and nitrite ions, which witnessed a slight increase above the permissible limit, but they are valid for irrigation purposes and for all agricultural crops according to the approved international standards (total dissolved salts TDS, sodium percentage Na%, sodium absorption rate SAR).
Determination of the chemical composition of organic extracts from halophytic plants S. europaea L and determine its medical importance
Collect plant leaves. europaea L from two different locations on the beach of Latakia (Corniche Jableh , Sports City) in the summer of 2022, where papers are obtained using a soxhlet device, and determine the clear composition of the organic extract using GC/MS chromatography technology. The results showed the presence of 36 chemical compounds, representing 98.42% of the total organic extract of the leaves of the S. europaea L plant, which was confirmed by Jableh Corniche, and 94.62%, which was confirmed by the Sports City. Because of the presence of 6 distinct results, which are based on the following (Palmitinic acid, Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl), Oleicacid ω-3-Linolenic Acid, Stearic acid Ionol -2,) according to the percentages (19.3%, 15% , 69%, 10.05%, 9.55%, 7.7%, 16.11). Respectively, the organic extract from the Jableh Corniche area, while the organic extract from the Sports City area contained the compounds (Palmitininic acid, Oleicacid, ω-3-Linolenic Acid, Pyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine-1,4-dione, Phenol-2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)) inproportions (30%.75%,20.05%,14.05%,12.09%,7.54%) respectively. As a result, the presence of various biologically active secondary metabolites and a large number of compounds give the studied plant high importance at the pharmaceutical level.
Doped Titanium Dioxide Ti(1-x)pbxo2 (x=0.1,0.3,0.4 wt%)
Titanium dioxide is considered one of the most important oxides in international research laboratories due to its distinct characteristics and to study the changes that occur in its physical properties ,the optical properties of powders of titanium dioxide were examined with lead in different ratios (x=0.1 - 0.3 - 0.4 wt%)after being prepared by the solid state reaction method. The results of the infrared spectroscopy showed the optical properties of the pure and lead-doped powders, which are: transmittance T, absorbance A, reflectivity R, obsorption coefficient α,damping coefficient K, refractive index n, optical waevelength L, optical conductivity δopt , optical density O.D, and the real dielectric constant εr and the imaginary dielectric constant Ɛi and the changes that occurred at each dopant percentage compared to the pure sample.
Keywords; absorbance A, reflectivity f, absorption coeffcint α, dielectric constant α, optical density O.D, refractive index n, optical wavelength L.